成都市基层环境保护管理机构与制度建设研究

随着农民的生活质量水平的日益显著提高,农村公共环境质量问题也引起了全社会普遍关注,但是农村传统的生产生活方式和落后的环保基础设施,导致农村环境形势仍然十分严峻。本文介绍了我国的农村环境保护政策法规和成都市乡镇环境保护机构建设现状,剖析了其存在的主要问题,最后提出了乡镇环保机构模式、运行机制和相关的政策建议。     

一种有效降低加油站深基坑作业安全风险施工方法研究

分析了加油站防渗改造深基坑作业安全风险,介绍了加油站深基坑填充墙传统施工方法,提出一种加油站深基坑填充墙砌砖“两段”施工方法,可大幅减少高处作业,提高油罐吊装可操作性和安全度,减少人员违章,降低加油站深基坑施工安全作业风险,从而提升施工本质安全度。     

Occupational health and safety issues in the informal economic segment of Pakistan: a survey of construction sites

This research covers the current status of occupational health and safety (OHS)-related practices in the informal construction segment of Pakistan. Data were collected, through interviews, from 316 construction sites employing 3577 workers. The results of the study reveal that both employers and workers lack knowledge of OHS laws/standards and no practices of this nature are enacted at these construction sites. Alarmingly, work-related accidents, whenever they happen, are not given due attention and there is no formal injury-report system. The informal construction industry employs a huge portion of the informal workforce, and lack of OHS happens at tremendous human cost. These research findings may thus play their role in strengthening the case for reforms in the sector. This study, if properly utilized, may also enable employers of the sector by increasing their knowledge about OHS practices and, as a result, trying to offer safer environments for their workers.     

安全文化成熟度模型在施工企业中的应用

为降低建筑工程施工中的伤亡事故频数,提高施工人员的安全素质,促进建筑施工企业安全体系更加完善,结合项目管理中的K-PMMM评估模型和软件行业中的CMM评估模型的特点,将安全文化划分为5个发展阶段,构建了安全文化的成熟度模型,把安全文化评价指标体系划分为人和物2个层面,每个层面细化为3个评价指标,同时对各个因素层进行模糊评价分析,量化了企业的安全文化水平,为客观评价企业的安全文化现状提供了理论依据。最后,通过实例分析,验证了该模型的合理性和科学性。     

基于改进相互作用矩阵的基坑施工安全风险评价

为解决现有基坑施工风险评价方法过于单一、客观性不足的问题，从勘察设计与监测、支护结构、土方施工、排水与降水、周围环境5个方面选取19个基坑施工安全影响因素；利用引入C-OWA算子的相互作用矩阵对其进行交互耦合分析，考虑各因素的单独作用效果的同时，在削弱专家主观偏好和综合考虑各因素相关性的基础上，研究其协同作用效果；最后用实例验证方法的实用性，结果表明:该项目整体风险偏高，其中排水系统能力、地下水水位和地下管线埋布是影响该基坑施工安全的主要风险因素，需重点防控。     

建筑业从业人员的危险认知差异特性及成因——基于管理人员与作业人员的比较

为掌握不同岗位建筑业从业人员危险认知的差异状况,以认知心理学为基础,从岗位差异角度,采用了行为调查法、心理测量范式及对比分析法,研究了建筑业从业人员危险认知的基本特性、结果差异及成因。结果表明:建筑业从业人员的危险认知具有过程变化性、结果模糊性、方式效仿性、个体差异性的特点;相同条件下,管理人员比作业人员具有更高的危险认知水平,能更主动地搜索施工危险场景,并对施工安全事故保持较高敏感性;职业背景、行为收益及危险刺激敏感性的不同是造成不同岗位建筑业从业人员危险认知差异的重要原因。     

铬污染建筑废物清洗剂的筛选

以原海北化工厂的铬污染建筑废物为研究对象,用微波消解、碱消解-共沉淀和改良BCR顺序提取法,研究了不同粒径样品总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)以及各形态Cr的含量,探讨了6种清洗剂对样品总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的清洗效果,最终筛选出合适的清洗剂. 结果表明:粒径对样品总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)以及各形态Cr含量的影响不显著,对样品总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的解吸无影响. 水洗1次后,总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率分别为75.24%和77.59%;用6种清洗剂第2次清洗后,柠檬酸、高浓度盐酸和高浓度醋酸对总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率最高,均达到94%以上,说明这3种酸可将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ),从而去除Cr(Ⅵ). 从经济环保角度考虑,宜选择柠檬酸作为二次清洗剂.      

美国矿山应急救援体系特点及启示

通过对美国矿山应急救援体系现状的研究,认为美国矿山救援体系具有法律法规健全完善、管理体制运行高效、救援队伍构成精干多样、技术装备先进实用、人员培训落实严格和物资储备区分精细等特点,从9个方面对比分析了中美矿山应急救援体系差异,提出了加强我国矿山应急救援体系建设的建议。     

建筑扰动条件下大气流动与扩散的CFD模拟

用FLUENT模式对中性大气、单个建筑的气流扰动情况进行模拟,并以风洞试验数据检验模拟效果;将模拟方法应用于类似城市建筑阵列条件的大气污染扩散问题,并且与现场示踪试验比较. 结果表明:FLUENT对建筑扰动条件的平均风场模拟效果良好,FAC2(模拟值与试验值之比在0.5~2之间的比例)在水平与垂直风速下分别达到77.9%与61.0%;对湍流特征量的模拟偏差稍大,K(湍流动能)虽总体偏小,但FAC2仍达到了54.6%. 选择湍流闭合的标准K-ε(ε为湍流动能耗散率)方案、重整化群K-ε方案和雷诺应力模型方案对结果的影响均不大. 采用FLUENT模拟了类似城市街区建筑阵列条件的大气扩散个例, 模拟结果反映了建筑扰动导致的扩散烟流轴线相对于平均风向的非常规偏移,并且扩散浓度与示踪试验结果相符较好,下风向32与63m处的侧向模拟浓度峰值的相对误差分别为72.5%与36.9%. 相比于高斯模式ISC3,FLUENT对复杂建筑阵列条件的扩散模拟结果更符合实际,如污染物向上风向扩散以及在建筑物周围堆积与绕流的现象. FLUENT扩散模拟还显示:近源处相邻建筑街道峡谷中的最大浓度沿下风向“阶跃”式减小,排放源所在街道峡谷中的最大浓度可比相邻街谷中的高几倍甚至1个数量级以上.      

Public attitudes and perceptions to the West-to-East Pipeline Project and ecosystem management in large project construction

Ecosystem management addresses transboundary, interdisciplinary and multiparty issues from an ecosystem perspective. In this regard, public participation of ecosystem management is particularly important for achieving a successful outcome. However, public attitudes and perceptions on ecosystem management in project construction are often ignored in the developing countries. Large project construction in China is booming, for example, oil/gasoline pipelines, water diversion projects, highway networks and high-speed railway networks. These projects may have important impacts on China's economy, as well as ecosystems. The perception of local people on these projects is crucial for their safe fulfilment. In this paper, the West-to-East Pipeline Project (WEPP), a large project in China built in 2004 to transport gas from the north-west to the south-east, was used as a case study to examine public participation and perceptions on ecosystem management. Field interviews were conducted in the summer of 2005 for data collection, and logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Modelling results show that public attitudes to WEPP construction are closely related to education, occupation and place of residence. Generally, interviewees with higher education and more involvement in WEPP have a positive attitude. However, local people have a poor understanding of ecological restoration and ecosystem management. For safe implementation of WEPP, some adjunct projects are required to improve the local economy and ecosystem functions, and different economic compensation schemes should be designed for stakeholders by region. Additionally, development strategies, such as offering part-time jobs, education and training to local farmers, are necessary to change attitudes and improve awareness on ecosystem management. It is also important to strengthen public participation in the early stages of project construction.