Pharmacokinetics of [14C]-atrazine in rhesus monkeys,single-dose intravenous and oral administration

This is the first study regarding the pharmacokinetics of [¹⁴C]-atrazine conducted with rhesus monkeys. The animals received one dose (0.25 mg) intravenously (IV) or three doses (1, 10, or 100 mg) orally. Plasma, urine, and feces were collected at defined times up to 7 days post-dosing. Sample radioactivity was measured to determine the mass equivalent. IV administered [¹⁴C]-atrazine disappeared rapidly from blood, with an elimination half-life of about 5.5 ± 1.1 h. The pharmacokinetic profiles of [¹⁴C]-atrazine following oral administration at the three dose levels show that kinetic parameters such as AUC and C _max are linearly correlated with the dose. Seven days after dosing, urinary and fecal excretion of [¹⁴C]-atrazine reached 99% of total administered dose in the IV group and 91–95% in the three oral dose groups. In the IV-administered monkeys, approximately 85% of the dose was excreted in urine and 12% in feces. In three oral dose groups, urinary and fecal radioactivity recoveries approximated 57% and 21%, 58% and 25%, and 53% and 35%, respectively. More than 50% of the total urinary excreted radioactivity was found within the first 24 h after dosing. In conclusion, the principal elimination of [¹⁴C]-atrazine, IV and orally administered, is via urine. The oral bioavailability was 60% or higher. There was a significant linear correlation between administered oral dose and plasma concentration. Overall oral dose accountability ranged from 91% to 95%. Data generated may be useful in the risk assessment of human exposure to environmental atrazine contamination.     

Effect of fluoride content in drinking water in Tricity on its concentration in urine of pre‐school children

Fluorides were analysed in drinking water and in urine of pre‐school children from different districts of Tricity (Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot). Concentration of fluorides in urine was found to depend on their content in drinking water. The two years (1997–98) study was made for 15 preschool children populations; each numbering in 10–20 individuals. The fluorides were determined by flouroselective electrode potentiometry.     

吸收液对中空纤维膜接触器回收尿液中氨氮的影响

采用中空纤维膜接触器（Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor, HFMC）回收尿液中的氨氮,系统研究了吸收液类型（H₃PO₄、H₂SO₄和HNO₃）对氨回收效能、水蒸气的跨膜通量和所获液体肥料的影响.结果表明,使用H₂SO₄作为吸收液时氨氮回收效能最优,其次是H₃PO₄和HNO₃.当采用H₂SO₄为吸收液时,氨氮回收率、氨跨膜通量和传质系数分别为84.49%±0.01%、22.92 g·m^-2·h^-1和2.37×10^-6 m·s^-1.HNO₃的挥发性使其从吸收液侧反向跨膜至料液侧,导致氨跨膜传质驱动力变小;此外,NH₃和HNO₃会在膜孔中反应并生成NH₄NO₃气溶胶,增加氨在膜孔中的传质阻力,导致氨氮的回收效能降低.对采用不同吸收液时膜两侧的水的活度差和理论水通量进行了计算,结果表明,随着氨氮的不断跨膜吸收,膜两侧的活度差和水通量逐渐增大,实验结束时水通量分别为7.44×10^-2 kg·m^-2·h^-1（H₃PO₄）、9.06×10^-2 kg·m^-2·h^-1（H₂SO₄）和2.00×10^-2 kg·m^-2·h^-1（HNO₃）.肥料组分分析表明,以H₂SO₄和HNO₃为吸收液可以获得仅含N素的单一液体肥料,以H₃PO₄作吸收液可获得N-P复合肥,（NH₄）₂HPO₄和NH₄H₂PO₄所占的比例分别为88.33%和11.67%.     

粪尿分集式生态卫生厕所的建造和环境卫生效果研究

建造一所粪尿分集式生态卫生厕所需300——400元。通过引进这种先进技术,可改善农村生活环境,提高农村卫生条件,防止疾病,减少水资源的利用与污染,并能充分利用养分。     

Monitoring potential semiochemicals in individual mouse urine samples

Summary. This work validates a method for detecting potential semiochemicals in mouse urine samples with a volume as small as 10 μL. Using solid-phase microextraction, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, we screened 2,3,5-trithiahexane, 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole, geraniol, indole, trans-β-farnesene and farnesol in individual urine samples taken daily from mice housed under various social conditions. Excretion of 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole by males did not occur when they were housed in rooms containing no females, but increased when raising the males to rooms containing females. Between-male differences in β-farnesene excretion were observed even in the absence of females. These results highlight the usefulness of the proposed analytical method for research in this area.     

硼污染的个人暴露剂量及其代谢的研究

 以62名处于不同生活、工作环境下的人群为对象,研究了其通过空气粉尘、饭菜和饮水的日硼暴露剂量及通过尿液、粪便的代谢状况.结果表明,从事硼作业的53名工人日硼暴露均值11.8mg/d,是对照人群(1.52mg/d)的7.8倍;通过尿液代谢的硼占总代谢量的94%以上,且班后尿硼与24h全尿硼浓度的相关系数为0.952,班后尿样可代替全尿并反映硼的代谢水平;下班后尿硼浓度与日硼暴露剂量显著相关.多元线性回归可以反映不同暴露途径对尿硼水平的贡献,方程拟合度为43.0%,与实测值的平均相对偏差为23.6%.     

Effect of treated swimming pool water on the levels of trihalomethanes in swimmer's urine

Swimming pools are considered to be the prime source for public exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs), mainly chloroform, because of their use for hygienic purposes. High doses of chlorine are easily perceptible by smell. The aim of this study was to measure simultaneously the THM levels in urine and blood of swimmers and in pool water itself (from city and university swimming pool), in order to investigate further the relationship between substances in different matrices at known environmental levels with uptake of these substances in indoor swimming pools. Volatile analytes were isolated and preconcentrated from the samples by thin layer headspace analysis (TLHS) with autogenous generation of the liquid sorbent. Chloroform, bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane were detected in the urine of all persons attending a swimming pool. Concentrations of THM compounds varied in the case of each swimmer. The research confirmed that approximately 10% of the volatile haloorganic compounds are excreted in urine in the unchanged form.     

Assessment of oxidative stress due to exposure to pesticides in plasma and urine of traditional limited-resource farm workers: Formation of the DNA-adduct 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine (8-OHdG)

The objective of this study was to assess the risk of genotoxicity caused due to oxidative stress using plasma and urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in farm workers for six months during a growing season. Blood and urine samples were collected once a month for six months (June to November 2003) from farm workers (n = 15) and urban unexposed controls (n = 10). Plasma and urinary levels of 8-OHdG were evaluated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. There was no significant difference in the urinary levels of 8-OHdG between the farm workers and the control group, but there was an approximately four-fold increase in mean values of plasma 8-OHdG levels in the farm worker group (P ≤ 0.05).     

源分离黄水氮磷资源化利用研究进展

黄水(尿液)中含有较高的氮磷钾组分,具有较高的资源化回收潜力。对黄水在源头分离并资源化利用,能够提高氮磷的回收效率,同时降低污水厂的运行压力。对氮磷减排和资源化回收现状、源分离排水系统以及源分离黄水的处理技术发展现状等进行综述,为源分离黄水资源化提供技术支持,为"厕所改革"在农村地区的推广提供参考。     

Sustainable innovation in wastewater management: lessons for nutrient recovery and reuse

Urine diversion (UD) has great potential to contribute to sustainably managing wastewater by separating urine at the source and recovering nutrients for reuse in agriculture. While factors enabling the UD technology in Sweden are thought to involve policies supporting nutrient recovery/reuse, on closer inspection, the variable success of UD systems has revealed that critical factors for success also relate to human-centred issues of social organisation, participation and incorporation of social knowledges of a variety of stakeholders into the decision-making process in which new technologies are trialled and adopted. Through the analytical lens of strategic niche management, we consider how early experimentation in UD has involved user participation and whether internal processes of learning, networking and visioning have been consciously considered and to what effect. As niche experiments are enabled/disabled not only by informal institutions such as values and social norms but also formal regulatory institutions, we have concurrently analysed the broader environment in which policies and institutions influence, to varying degrees, the uptake of UD.