Study of trace elements in urine of some Nigerian medical patients

In this study, trace element concentrations were determined in urine samples of patients with kidney and liver conditions from the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife Nigeria. Urine samples from 80 patients whose ages ranged from 15 to 79 were used for the trace metals analysis. Variation of the trace metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in urine samples were correlated with respect to gender, age, professions, personal habits and patients’ conditions. The levels of Pb in the urine samples of both male and female patients were found to be generally higher than those of Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu, and Mn. Highest levels of Pb and Cd were found in patients who smoked and drank and those with various kidney and liver conditions. Most of the trace metals except Mn occurred at levels that are deleterious to human health as they are above the standard threshold values expected in normal human urine, and raised cause for concern.     

冀东某县农村养殖粪污处理环境风险与对策研究

生猪养殖粪污是农村面源污染来源之一,冀东某县是河北省养猪大县,养殖产生的粪污主要采用能源生态处理方式进行处理与利用,在养殖粪污的现有利用方式中,存在土壤中重金属积累风险、粪便中病菌抗生素风险、生猪散养的环境风险.针对冀东某县生猪养殖粪污处理利用存在的环境风险,对规模化养殖场采用粪便堆肥发酵制有机肥工艺进行处理利用;散养型粪污,依托规模化养殖场进行处理利用;政府依据种养结合的原则,制定养殖规划,确定养殖规模,建立制度化管理,保护农村环境.     

聚氯乙烯(PVC)类医疗废物的热解特性研究

为研究含聚氯乙烯医疗废物的热解特性,选取输液管和尿样盒为对象,利用差热热重分析仪,在氮气气氛下进行热重实验,探讨了二者热失重行为和机制,分析了反应过程中热量变化及热解剩余物性状,建立了反应动力学模型.结果表明,输液管和尿样盒的降解过程以主要成分PVC的热解机制为主导,分别在约200～390℃和约390～550℃区间内,呈现两段主要的热解过程,最大热解速率分别出现在315℃和470℃左右;增塑剂可降低样品脱氯的温度并增加失重率,样品复杂的成分导致失重峰不规则且不平滑;热解过程为吸热反应,呈现2个明显的阶段,分别对应试样的两段热解,热延迟的存在导致DTA峰温稍滞后于对应的DTG峰温;建立的"整体两步四反应模型"能很好地描述输液管和尿样盒的热解行为.     

人尿中1—羟基芘与空气中多环芳烃的定量关系

本文对不同采样点人尿中的1-羟基芘含量和受试人携带的个体空气采样器中以及所在环境中固定采样器中多环芳烃的浓度进行了测定。数理统计结果表明,尿中1-羟基芘与个体采样器中的芘或苯并(a)芘有显著的正相关。个体采样器的测定结果较客观地反映了受试人吸入空气中多环芳烃的浓度,证明尿中1-羟基芘在人体接触多环芳烃的健康风险评价中,是一个有效的生物监测指标。     

尿液中氟化物的离子选择电极法测定

本文叙述了用离子选择电极直接测定尿液中氟化物的分析方法,并通过实验对标准系列的制备、尿液的预处理、加入“假尿溶液”的必要性和样品存放时间等问题进行了探讨。结果表明,用本方法测定尿液中氟含量简捷、快速,方法最低检出限为０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ,无机氟加标回收率为９５～１０３％。     

核退役过程中尿氚的测量和氚生物半衰期的研究

用蒸馏和液体闪烁计数法测量了中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所原工作地点核退役过程中直接接触氚和间接接触氚工作人员的尿样,氚浓度在102～105Bq／L,最大氚浓度为2.7×105Bq／L,折合剂量当量约为0.19mSv。短期观测了23名氚生物半衰期,其范围为5.5～14.8d,平均值9.1d;中期观测了5名氚生物半衰期,其范围为7.6～9.4d,平均值为8.5d。观测的共28名工作人员氚生物半衰期与理论值10d接触,并且与国内外的观测值符合。     

Linking empirical estimates of body burden of environmental chemicals and wellness using NHANES data

Biomonitoring of industrial chemicals in human tissues and fluids has shown that all people carry a “body burden” of synthetic chemicals. Although measurement of an environmental chemical in a person's tissues/fluids is an indication of exposure, it does not necessarily mean the exposure concentration is sufficient to cause an adverse effect. Since humans are exposed to multiple chemicals, there may be a combination effect (e.g., additive, synergistic) associated with low-level exposures to multiple classes of contaminants, which may impact a variety of organ systems. The objective of this research is to link measures of body burden of environmental chemicals and a “holistic” measure of wellness. The approach is demonstrated using biomonitoring data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Forty-two chemicals were selected for analysis based on their detection levels. Six biological pathway-specific indices were evaluated using groups of chemicals associated with each pathway. Five of the six pathways were negatively associated with wellness. Three non-zero interaction terms were detected which may provide empirical evidence of crosstalk across pathways. The approach identified five of the 42 chemicals from a variety of classes (metals, pesticides, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) as accounting for 71% of the weight linking body burden to wellness. Significant interactions were detected indicating the effect of smoking is exacerbated by body burden of environmental chemicals. Use of a holistic index on both sides of the exposure-health equation is a novel and promising empirical “systems biology” approach to risk evaluation of complex environmental exposures.     

尿硼浓度预测人体日硼暴露剂量

以辽宁某地硼矿开采和加工厂的硼作业工人以及远离硼矿的背景地区的人群作为研究对象,分析了班后尿液硼浓度与日硼暴露剂量之间的关系.结果表明,班后尿硼浓度与日硼暴露剂量之间存在着显著的对数线性关系,考虑了不同人群类别的影响之后,回归方程的拟合度达到85.9%,由此确立了用班后尿硼浓度预测日硼暴露剂量的预测方程.用此预测方程对本研究2004年的受试者日硼暴露剂量进行预测,并与实测值进行了比较,结果表明平均相对偏差为13.4%,预测值与实测值之间没有显著性的差异.说明用班后尿硼浓度预测日硼暴露剂量是可行的.对2004年所有受试者的日硼暴露剂量预测结果分析表明,硼职业暴露组、社区对照组和背景对照组的日硼暴露剂量平均值分别为36.1、4.13和1.31mg/d.     

Regenerable adsorbent for removing ammonia evolved from anaerobic reaction of animal urine

The waste gas evolved from biodegradation of animal urine contains ammonia causing environmental concerns. A new and effective method for removing ammonia from such waste gas using reactive adsorption is presented. In the process, activated carbon impregnated with H2SO4（H2SO4/C） is employed. Ammonia in the waste gas reacts with H2SO4 on the adsorbent instantaneously and completely to form （NIL）2SO4. The H2SO4/C adsorbent is high in NH3 adsorption capacity and regenerable. The NH3 removal capacity of this regenerable adsorbent is more than 30 times that of the adsorbents used normally in the industry. The spent H2SO4/C is regenerated by flowing low-pressure steam through the adsorbent bed to remove the （NH4）2SO4 from the adsorbent. The regeneration by-product is concentrated （NH4）2SO4 solution, which is a perfect liquid fertilizer for local use. Re-soaking the activated carbon with H2SO4 solution rejuvenates the activity of the adsorbent. Thus the H2SOJC can be reused repeatedly. In the mechanism of this reactive adsorption process, trace of H20 in the waste gas is a required, which lends itself to treating ammonia gas saturated with moisture from biodegradation of animal urine.     

尿液中不同价态硒的吸附溶出伏安法测定

本文研究了在二溴代苤硒脑生成条件下Se(-Ⅱ、0)、Se(Ⅳ)、Se(Ⅵ)等不同价态硒的稳定性及其转化条件,确定了用二溴代苤硒脑体系的吸附溶出伏安法测定尿液中不同价态硒的方法.结果表明,在1.5mol/L HCl介质中,Se(Ⅳ)与二溴代邻苯二胺定量生成苤硒脑,可用吸附溶出伏安法直接测定Se(Ⅳ).HNO_3-HClO_4消化样品时,Se(-Ⅱ、0)定量转化为Se(Ⅳ),此时Se(Ⅳ)、Se(Ⅵ)价态稳定.而HNO_3-HClO_4消化样品后用3mol/L HCl将Se(Ⅵ)还原为Se(Ⅳ)后可测得总硒.故利用不同的样品处理方法所得结果差减后,测定Se(-Ⅱ、0)、Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)含量.本文方法用于尿液样品分析,尿液中硒的主要价态为以Se(-Ⅱ)形式存在的有机硒,无机态Se(Ⅳ)、Se(Ⅵ)的含量甚微.