黄河下游灌区土壤碳储量及碳密度分布

土壤碳（C）,特别是土壤有机碳（SOC）,对于提高作物产量和减少温室气体排放具有重要影响,深入理解 SOC 空间分布特征对于未来区域生态环境和农业的可持续发展也具有重要作用。黄河下游引黄灌区是我国重要的粮、棉生产基地,具有50年以上的引黄灌溉历史,长期引黄灌溉对区域土壤C储量和分布的改变毋庸置疑。以往关于土壤C的估算多集中于较大尺度,受采样数据量和大区域环境因素复杂变异影响,结果经常出现较大差异,并且对于大型水利灌溉对土壤 C 分布的长期影响研究较少,尤其对于我国黄河下游引黄灌区土壤 C 分布的研究稀缺。本文通过收集黄河下游鲁、豫灌区相关统计资料,灌区土壤、水文资料等,分7层（0～5 cm、5～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm、60～80 cm、80～100 cm）采集0～1 m剖面土壤样品,利用GIS空间差值、空间统计方法,分析不同土层、土地利用、土壤类型碳储量和碳密度（CD）空间分布特征,为研究区长期引黄灌溉条件下生态农业的发展提供依据。结果表明研究区（面积54153 km2）1 m土层总碳（TC）储量为1045.13 Tg,SOC储量达815.76 Tg,其0～20 cm,20～40 cm,40～60 cm,60～80 cm和80～100 cm分别占23.44%,20.06%,18.95%,18.83%,18.72%。估算1 m土层耕地和荒地SOC储量分别约为610 Tg和18.99 Tg,而草地和林地仅为25.97 Tg和16.41 Tg;不同土壤成土类型之间,半水成土所占的比例最大（约77.82%）,初育土最小（约5.49%）。1 m土层平均总碳密度（TCD）为（19.37±1.48） kg·m^-2,而平均有机碳密度（SCD）为（15.12±1.14） kg·m^-2,其变化范围从荒地的（14.98±0.91） kg·m^-2到林地的（16±1.15） kg·m^-2,同一或不同土地利用类型各层储量变化略有不同,主要是受人类活动、植被凋落物输入以及地下水环境等影响。不同的土壤类型间SCD则介于?     

Environmental values and willingness to pay for a protected area: a segmentation of Italian university students

The study investigated students’ attitudes and willingness to pay (WTP) for the protection of some environmental values. The empirical study refers to a site located in Southern Italy and inserted into the Natura 2000 European Network. Students were segmented according to their appreciation of environmental values and the WTP for them. We considered two scenarios of the study site – of use and non-use – and four values – recreational, educational, bequest and existence. Five clusters, from the ‘unconcerned’ to the ‘committed’ one, reveal a diversity of profiles across the sample. Segmentation results point out the multifunctionality of the environmental heritage and highlight the heterogeneity of students’ environmental profiles.     

Impacts of Urbanization and Intensification of Agriculture on Transboundary Aquifers: A Case Study

The objectives were to (1) delineate the complex set of rules governing the fate and transfer of water rights as agricultural land is urbanized in Texas and New Mexico in the United States and Chihuahua in Mexico and (2) estimate the change in water use as a result of such urbanization. Important additional determinants of water use in the region include intensification of agriculture and the hydroschizophrenic policy framework. We conducted interviews with key informants to identify the possible outcomes for changes in water rights as land is urbanized. We constructed decision trees for each of the three jurisdictions, Chihuahua, Texas, and New Mexico, that identified the possible outcomes from urbanization. For each of the possible outcomes in the decision tree, we estimated a range of potential water use outcomes and the most likely water use outcome on a per unit of land area basis. Results show that urbanization of agricultural land has almost no impact on the aggregate demand for or use of surface water. However, the impacts of urbanization on groundwater use vary considerably over the region from Texas to New Mexico to Chihuahua. In New Mexico and Chihuahua where groundwater rights can be leased or sold to other users, the likely impact is a net increase in groundwater use as land is urbanized, ranging from 0 to 3,000 m³/ha in New Mexico and averaging 3,000 m³/ha or more in Chihuahua. In Texas, there is a net benefit in groundwater savings, but those savings are subject to being offset by increased groundwater pumping to meet the needs of expanding pecan production. The net result is continued groundwater depletion, threatening the life of the transboundary aquifers, the Hueco Bolson and the Mesilla Bolson, in the Middle Rio Grande basin (defined as the part of the basin between Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico to the confluence of the river with the Rio Conchos from Mexico).     

Large carnivore hunting and the social license to hunt

The social license to operate framework considers how society grants or withholds informal permission for resource extractors to exploit publicly owned resources. We developed a modified model, which we refer to as the social license to hunt (SLH). In it we similarly consider hunters as operators, given that wildlife are legally considered public resources in North America and Europe. We applied the SLH model to examine the controversial hunting of large carnivores, which are frequently killed for trophies. Killing for trophies is widespread, but undertaken by a minority of hunters, and can pose threats to the SLH for trophy-seeking carnivore hunters and potentially beyond. Societal opposition to large carnivore hunting relates not only to conservation concerns but also to misalignment between killing for trophies and dominant public values and attitudes concerning the treatment of animals. We summarized cases related to the killing of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), wolves (Canis lupus), and other large carnivores in Canada, the United States, and Europe to illustrate how opposition to large carnivore hunting, now expressed primarily on social media, can exert rapid and significant pressure on policy makers and politicians. Evidence of the potential for transformative change to wildlife management and conservation includes proposed and realized changes to legislation, business practice, and wildlife policy, including the banning of some large carnivore hunts. Given that policy is ultimately shaped by societal values and attitudes, research gaps include developing increased insight into public support of various hunting policies beyond that derived from monitoring of social media and public polling. Informed by increased evidence, the SLH model can provide a conceptual foundation for predicting the likelihood of transient versus enduring changes to wildlife conservation policy and practice for a wide variety of taxa and contexts.     

Mapping cumulative impacts of mining on sediment retention ecosystem service in an Australian mining region

Mining development can potentially lead to cumulative impacts on ecosystems and their services across a range of scales. Site-specific environmental impact assessments are commonly assessed for mining projects; however, large-scale cumulative impacts of multiple mines that aggregate and interact in resources regions have had little attention in the literature and there are few examples where regional-scale mining impacts have been assessed on ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to quantify regional-scale cumulative impacts of mining on sediment retention ecosystem services. We apply the sediment delivery ratio model of Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs to calculate and map the sediment retention and export using a synthetic catchment model and a real case study under different mining scenarios in an Australian mining region. Two impact indices were created to quantify the cumulative impacts associated with a single mine and the interactions between multiple mines. The indices clarified the magnitude of impacts and the positive/negative impacts associated with regional-scale sediment retention and export. We found cumulative impacts associated with multiple mines’ interaction occurred but the influence of these interactions was relatively weak. This research demonstrated the potential for utilising ecosystem services modelling for the quantitative assessment of the cumulative impacts. Such research provide decision-makers and planners with a tool for sustainable regional and landscape planning that balances the needs of mining and the provision of ecosystem services.     

Transitions to sustainability in small islands: combining foresight scenarios with multi-criteria analysis to develop viable sustainability strategies in an EOR

Islands face similar challenges for sustainability as continental areas, but their geographic situation conditions their options for development. However, thanks to their clear geographic boundaries, they are an opportunity to think about sustainability in an integrated way. The objective of the study was to explore from a local (island) and regional (archipelago) perspective strategies for sustainability. ‘Participative foresight scenario mapping’ (PFSM) methodology was used to explore the sustainable future of a small island (Flores Island, Azores, Portugal). The need to acknowledge the limit to growth is a key finding of this article. But the research also allowed us to analyse in depth specific strategies that can be applied to different sectors of activity, the most important being to: improve the quality of local products, diversify the economy and increase self-sufficiency. PFSM succeeded in identifying key themes and facilitating debate around these subjects. These findings can inform sustainable development in other islands or territories sharing similar geographic characteristics.     

Simulating future land use and ecosystem services in Northern Thailand

Enhancing ecosystem services is important as it provides foundation for the wellbeing of people. This paper presents the future land use simulation for enhancing ecosystem services using CLUMondo dynamic spatial model. The land use change was assessed from 1989 to 2013 in Wang Thong watershed of Northern Thailand using GIS and a set of ecosystem services was assessed using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model. Future land uses until 2030 were projected for three policy scenarios, namely business-as-usual, integrated land use development, and enhancing environmental services with different levels of emphasis on ecosystem services. In business-as-usual scenario, it was observed that ecosystem services will decline by 2030 from the base year of 2013, whereas in integrated land use development scenario, the ecosystem services will increase by 5% compared to base year due to anticipated effective protection of remaining forests in all existing and proposed protected areas of the study area. In enhancing environmental services scenario, the ecosystem services will increase by 15%. Such results can serve as useful information in policy formulation in developing land use options, which help enhance ecosystem services in future.     

A novel participatory and remote-sensing-based approach to mapping annual land use change on forest frontiers in Laos,Myanmar, and Madagascar

Tropical forests are under pressure from both commercial and smallholder agriculture. Forest frontiers are seeing dynamic land use changes that frequently lead to land system regime shifts, posing challenges for the sustainability of entire local social-ecological systems. Monitoring highly dynamic land use change and detecting land system regime shifts is methodologically challenging due to trade-offs between spatial and temporal data resolution. We propose an innovative approach that combines analysis of very-high-resolution satellite imagery with participatory mapping based on workshops and field walks. Applying it in Laos, Myanmar, and Madagascar, we were able to collect annual land use information over several decades. Unlike conventional land use change mapping approaches, which assess only few points in time, our approach provides information at a temporal resolution that enables detection of gradual and abrupt land system regime shifts.     

沿岸用地状况对中小河道沉水植物定居光照强度的影响

河道沿岸用地状况对水环境质量和水生态系统健康产生重要影响,水体光衰减特征对沉水植物定居生长具有重要意义.通过以建设闲置区、居住商业区、非居住商业区等不同沿岸用地状况中小河道为研究对象,分析了上海市130个中小河道调查区段的水环境和水下光环境指标.结果表明,上海市中小河道调查区段水体光衰减系数（K_d（PAR））的分布范围为1.243~7.592 m^-1,河道沿岸不同用地状况对K_d（PAR）具有较大影响,建设闲置区显著大于非居住商业区和居住商业区.总固体悬浮物是导致上海市中小河道水体光衰减的主要因素,但不同沿岸用地状况之间引起水体光衰减的主导因子存在差异：因处在建设开发阶段或表土裸露状态,建设闲置区的水体光衰减主导因子为总固体悬浮物,而非居住商业区、居住商业区的水体K_d（PAR）则受到总固体悬浮物、有机污染和营养盐等共同影响.总体上,总磷和叶绿素a随总固体悬浮物浓度增加表现为先增加后降低趋势.沉水植物定居光环境的最大水深Z_macrophytes分布范围为0.462~2.821 m,结合中小河道水深判定水下光照强度不足严重制约沉水植物恢复,并且浊度与K_d（PAR）的相关性显著.建设闲置区、居住商业区、非居住商业区等沿岸用地状况水体浊度与K_d（PAR）的相关系数分别为0.785、0.738、0.646,可作为判定沉水植物定植光照强度及适宜生长区的易操作定量指标.     

碳排放视角下的江苏省土地利用转型生态效率研究——基于混合方向性距离函数

生态效率关乎经济与生态之间的双重问题,要保证在实现社会经济正常发展的同时将环境影响控制到最小程度。CO₂等温室气体的排放作为造成全球气候变暖的主要产物,成为改善全球环境问题的焦点。土地利用转型在一定程度上影响着土地生态,并从土地的投入和产出方面影响土地生态效应,分析其影响机理将有助于最小化土地利用成本,最大化土地生态价值。论文运用混合方向性距离函数模型和Global Malmquist-Luenberger（GML）指数,将CO₂排放量作为生态效率的非期望产出指标,构建土地利用转型投入和产出指标体系,测算2006—2014年江苏省13个城市在土地利用转型背景下的生态效率及环境全要素生产率增长状况,并对全要素生产率变动进行分解,以期缓解经济快速增进带来的生态环境问题。研究结果表明：CO₂过度排放以及能源过度消耗,使得很多城市普遍存在生态低效率;2006—2014年江苏省总体平均生态效率值为0.827,若能够充分利用当前技术水平,资源强度和污染排放强度在平均意义上可以提高17%;江苏省生态效率变化区域差异明显,生态效率存在空间关联性和集聚效应;环境全要素生产率增长呈现地域不均衡性,纯技术进步是影响环境全要素生产率增长变动的重要影响因素;技术规模变化的区域差异幅度最大,是构成环境全要素生产率增长差异的重要因素。