全文获取类型
收费全文 | 737篇 |
免费 | 58篇 |
国内免费 | 54篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 78篇 |
废物处理 | 14篇 |
环保管理 | 208篇 |
综合类 | 294篇 |
基础理论 | 110篇 |
环境理论 | 1篇 |
污染及防治 | 26篇 |
评价与监测 | 12篇 |
社会与环境 | 80篇 |
灾害及防治 | 26篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 3篇 |
2022年 | 8篇 |
2021年 | 21篇 |
2020年 | 14篇 |
2019年 | 22篇 |
2018年 | 23篇 |
2017年 | 38篇 |
2016年 | 35篇 |
2015年 | 31篇 |
2014年 | 31篇 |
2013年 | 51篇 |
2012年 | 48篇 |
2011年 | 44篇 |
2010年 | 35篇 |
2009年 | 36篇 |
2008年 | 31篇 |
2007年 | 37篇 |
2006年 | 35篇 |
2005年 | 26篇 |
2004年 | 24篇 |
2003年 | 32篇 |
2002年 | 29篇 |
2001年 | 18篇 |
2000年 | 24篇 |
1999年 | 21篇 |
1998年 | 10篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 6篇 |
1995年 | 9篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有849条查询结果,搜索用时 375 毫秒
101.
Monitoring,imperfect detection,and risk optimization of a Tasmanian devil insurance population
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Conservation biology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Tracy M. Rout Christopher M. Baker Stewart Huxtable Brendan A. Wintle 《Conservation biology》2018,32(2):267-275
Most species are imperfectly detected during biological surveys, which creates uncertainty around their abundance or presence at a given location. Decision makers managing threatened or pest species are regularly faced with this uncertainty. Wildlife diseases can drive species to extinction; thus, managing species with disease is an important part of conservation. Devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is one such disease that led to the listing of the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) as endangered. Managers aim to maintain devils in the wild by establishing disease‐free insurance populations at isolated sites. Often a resident DFTD‐affected population must first be removed. In a successful collaboration between decision scientists and wildlife managers, we used an accessible population model to inform monitoring decisions and facilitate the establishment of an insurance population of devils on Forestier Peninsula. We used a Bayesian catch‐effort model to estimate population size of a diseased population from removal and camera trap data. We also analyzed the costs and benefits of declaring the area disease‐free prior to reintroduction and establishment of a healthy insurance population. After the monitoring session in May–June 2015, the probability that all devils had been successfully removed was close to 1, even when we accounted for a possible introduction of a devil to the site. Given this high probability and the baseline cost of declaring population absence prematurely, we found it was not cost‐effective to carry out any additional monitoring before introducing the insurance population. Considering these results within the broader context of Tasmanian devil management, managers ultimately decided to implement an additional monitoring session before the introduction. This was a conservative decision that accounted for uncertainty in model estimates and for the broader nonmonetary costs of mistakenly declaring the area disease‐free. 相似文献
102.
Iadine Chadés Sam Nicol Stephen van Leeuwen Belinda Walters Jennifer Firn Andrew Reeson Tara G. Martin Josie Carwardine 《Conservation biology》2015,29(2):525-536
Conservation decision tools based on cost‐effectiveness analysis are used to assess threat management strategies for improving species persistence. These approaches rank alternative strategies by their benefit to cost ratio but may fail to identify the optimal sets of strategies to implement under limited budgets because they do not account for redundancies. We devised a multiobjective optimization approach in which the complementarity principle is applied to identify the sets of threat management strategies that protect the most species for any budget. We used our approach to prioritize threat management strategies for 53 species of conservation concern in the Pilbara, Australia. We followed a structured elicitation approach to collect information on the benefits and costs of implementing 17 different conservation strategies during a 3‐day workshop with 49 stakeholders and experts in the biodiversity, conservation, and management of the Pilbara. We compared the performance of our complementarity priority threat management approach with a current cost‐effectiveness ranking approach. A complementary set of 3 strategies: domestic herbivore management, fire management and research, and sanctuaries provided all species with >50% chance of persistence for $4.7 million/year over 20 years. Achieving the same result cost almost twice as much ($9.71 million/year) when strategies were selected by their cost‐effectiveness ranks alone. Our results show that complementarity of management benefits has the potential to double the impact of priority threat management approaches. 相似文献
103.
Introduction: Vehicle technologies that increase seat belt use can save thousands of lives each year. Kidd, Singer, Huey, and Kerfoot (2018) found that a gearshift interlock was more effective for increasing seat belt use than an intermittent audible reminder, but interlocks may not be more effective than persistent audible reminders lasting at least 90 seconds. Method: Forty-nine part-time belt users with a recent seat belt citation who self-reported not always using a seat belt drove two vehicles for 1 week each. Thirty-three drove a Chevrolet with an intermittent audible reminder followed by either a BMW with a persistent 90-second audible reminder (n = 17) or a Subaru with an incessant audible reminder (n = 16). The other 16 participants experienced the BMW persistent reminder followed by an interlock that limited speed to 15 mph during unbelted driving. These data were combined with data from 32 part-time belt users in Kidd et al. (2018) who experienced the intermittent reminder for 2 weeks or the intermittent reminder for 1 week and a gearshift interlock the next. Results: Relative to the intermittent reminder, seat belt use was significantly increased an estimated 30% by the BMW persistent reminder, 34% by the Subaru incessant reminder, and 33% by the speed-limiting interlock. Belt use was increased an estimated 16% by the gearshift interlock, but this change was not significant. More participants circumvented the speed-limiting interlock to drive unbelted than the audible reminders. Responses to a poststudy survey indicated that interlocks were less acceptable than reminders. Conclusions: Audible reminders lasting at least 90 seconds and a speed-limiting interlock were more effective for increasing seat belt use than an intermittent audible reminder, but reminders were found more acceptable. Practical applications: Strengthening existing U.S. safety standards to require audible reminders lasting at least 90 seconds for front-row occupants could save up to 1,489 lives annually. 相似文献
104.
边镜贸易作为我国作为开放的重要组成部分,进展显著。本文在概述我国边境贸易发展所产生的环境问题的基础上,以我国最大的陆边口岸--满州里市为例,运用灰色预测,动态规划等方法探讨边境贸易与环境保护协调发展的途径。 相似文献
105.
环境成本核算研究的进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
环境成本核算作为环境管理的基础工作,在绿色国民经济核算体系构建,在涉及环境费用效益分析,在制定适当的环境标准、环境收费等政策时发挥着重要作用。在陈述环境成本的定义和分类以及国内外环境成本核算研究过程的基础上,指出可持续发展理论、总成本理论、外部性和边际机会成本理论以及基于SEEA核算体系的环境成本计量理论是环境成本核算的四大理论支柱,并对环境成本核算方法的研究进行了总结与分析。阐明了研究队伍综合化、宏观核算微观化、核算方法科学化是环境成本核算研究的发展趋势,时空范围的处理、环境服务产出的处理、内部环保外部化处理是环境成本核算研究的难点与热点问题。 相似文献
106.
Conventional mathematical programming methods, such as linear programming, non linear programming, dynamic programming and
integer programming have been used to solve the cost optimization problem for regional wastewater treatment systems. In this
study, a river water quality management model was developed through the integration of a genetic algorithm (GA). This model
was applied to a river system contaminated by three determined discharge sources to achieve the water quality goals and wastewater
treatment cost optimization in the river basin. The genetic algorithm solution, described the treatment plant efficiency,
such that the cost of wastewater treatment for the entire river basin is minimized while the water quality constraints in
each reach are satisfied. This study showed that genetic algorithm can be applied for river water quality modeling studies
as an alternative to the present methods. 相似文献
107.
108.
109.
通过对富安茧丝绸清洁生产审计的实例分析,总结出了清洁生产审计,增加了企业的经济效益,降低了生产成本,提高了产品质量,减少了污染物排放。 相似文献
110.
我国资源开发利用中的价格问题 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
资源开发利用是经济学研究的一个基本问题,资源利用的价格问题在中国社会主义市场经济机制建设与发展中十分重要。在我国,卡尔·马克思的劳动价值理论是资源利用价格问题研究的基础,但需要吸收其它成功的尤其是西方的理论与实践之处。对于资源价格问题,不仅需要研究其市场因素,而且要研究其非市场因素;同时,在资源价格机制研究中,政府功能的问题也十分重要。 相似文献