镇江城市降雨径流营养盐污染特征研究

城市降雨径流污染是城市水体水质恶化的主要原因之一,为了分析降雨径流的污染特征,从2006-05开始,选择镇江具有代表性的土地使用功能对其降雨径流水质进行监测,分析了径流中固体悬浮物和营养盐的变化特征.结果表明,镇江不同功能区中5～40 μm粒径的固体悬浮物体积分数最大;商业区径流污染物浓度很高,其中SS浓度高达978 mg/L,是城市面源污染的主要来源;降雨初期的30 min径流污染物浓度很高,随降雨历时的延长污染物浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定;溶解态氮、颗粒态磷和固体悬浮物是径流中污染物输出的主要形态;通过分析固体悬浮物与其他污染物的相关性,发现固体悬浮物是径流中营养盐吸附的载体,去除固体悬浮物是治理镇江降雨径流污染的有效途径.     

滤筒法测定水中悬浮物的实践

采用重量法用滤筒替代滤膜进行测定水中悬浮物的比对实验,实验结果表明:滤筒测定水中悬浮物比滤膜测定水中悬浮物更具有易恒重、测定误差小、准确度高、快速、简便、成本低等优点,适合水质监测应用。     

长江南京段水、悬浮物及沉积物中多氯有毒有机污染物

对长江南京段水、悬浮物及沉积物中多氯有毒有机污染物进行了分析测定,由色谱/质谱测得的结果表明,水和沉积物中多氯有机污染物的浓度较低,低于欧洲主要河流中的含量水平.悬浮物中这类污染物总含量较高,为56.45～62.35μg/kg,而水中总含量仅为14.61～15.83ng/L.由于长江中污染物被充分稀释与混匀,各采样点的水和悬浮物中该类污染物的浓度变化不大,两相间具有较好的相关性.但各采样点的沉积物中多氯有机污染物含量差异甚大,表明悬浮物的沉积极不均一.沉积物中主要污染物是六氯苯（HCB）和它的代谢产物五氯苯（PeCB）以及滴滴涕（DDT）的代谢产物,其他多氯有机污染物含量很低.     

污水处理系统中悬浮物形成机理与处理方法

文章以风城油田稀油污水处理为例,分析污水处理系统中悬浮物的形成机理,并对污水含油、悬浮物、固体含量、粒径中值、聚合物含量、细菌、温度、硫化物、二价铁、pH值等水质指标进行分析,找出影响污水处理的主要因素,并对油水悬浮物处理方法进行室内分析及现场物理、化学方法实践,解决污水处理系统中悬浮物问题。     

水域悬浮固体含量的遥感定量研究

该文提出了反射率与悬浮固体含量之间的理论关系式——负指数关系式,并确定了其与经验公式的关系。理论分析和实际应用的结果表明,该式精度高于原有公式的精度,是目前遥感水中悬浮固体含量的最佳公式。将该式应用于杭州湾水域悬浮固体含量调查中取得了成功。     

黄河耗氧性有机物污染特征及泥沙对其参数测定的影响

对黄河干流1980,1992～1999年耗氧性有机物污染监测数据进行了分析,并通过对高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)与泥沙含量监测数据间的相关分析和模拟实验研究,探讨了泥沙对CODMn测定的影响.结果表明:(1)由于泥沙中腐殖质的成分之一富里酸能溶解于酸,在水样加酸处理过程中将进入水相,且富里酸能被化学氧化剂所氧化,但在自然条件下很难发生生物氧化和消耗水体的溶解氧,因此,由于泥沙的影响,CODMn夸大了耗氧性有机物的污染;(2)黄河干流河水的生化需氧量(BOD5)从上游至下游存在增加的趋势;(3)1992年干流河水的BOD5显著大于1980年的BOD5,在1992～1999年间,河水BOD5的年均值存在上升的趋势,枯水期均值存在上升的趋势,而丰水期均值的增长趋势不明显,由此表明,耗氧性有机污染物的点源排放在增加,而面源排放的增长趋势不明显,甚至存在降低的趋势;(4)黄河干流的耗氧性有机污染物主要来自点源排放,BOD5的点源与面源负荷的多年均值之比为2 81.     

基于实测光谱与MODIS数据的太湖悬浮物定量估测

以太湖为研究区域,对太湖水体的水面反射光谱进行实地测试,并取样在实验室进行水质分析;根据光谱分析得到的悬浮物特征波段,估测悬浮物浓度;最后,对比MODIS波段,用最敏感波段及主成分分析法建立悬浮物估测模型.结果表明,576nm附近的反射率峰值、841nm处反射率一阶微分值和808nm附近的反射峰高与悬浮物浓度都有较好的相关性,其中峰高法和一阶微分法对悬浮物浓度的估测精度相当;MODIS波段1与悬浮物浓度相关性最好,经过主成分变化后的第一主成分和第二主成分可以较好地估测悬浮物浓度.因此,可利用MODIS数据对太湖悬浮物进行长期动态监测.     

高含固污泥厌氧消化中蛋白质转化规律

采用剩余污泥在含固率(total solid,TS)为12%条件下进行中温(37℃)厌氧消化,通过分析厌氧消化前后污泥蛋白质组分的变化情况,研究了高含固污泥厌氧消化中蛋白质的转化规律,探讨了高含固条件下污泥蛋白质转化效率较低的原因.结果表明,经过45 d的厌氧消化处理,污泥蛋白质的转化率为34.26%.污泥蛋白质转化效率较低的原因主要表现在:(1)高含固条件下污泥的传质较差;同时,污泥蛋白质经水解过程形成大量的氨氮,反应结束后污泥总氨氮(total ammonia nitrogen,TAN)质量浓度达到1 201 mg·L~(-1),导致对厌氧消化过程,尤其对蛋白质的分解表现出一定的抑制作用;(2)三维荧光光谱(three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy,3D-EEM)分析表明,部分蛋白质向腐殖质类、富里酸类物质转化,从而更难分解;(3)通过二维电泳(two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE)-质谱(mass spectrometry,MS)分析发现,厌氧消化后污泥蛋白质的相对分子质量和等电点(isoelectric point,p I)降低;最终,污泥中残留的大部分蛋白质来源于微生物体内.由于微生物代谢能力随着厌氧消化过程的进行而减弱,难以继续利用这些蛋白质,或消化体系中不具备分解这些蛋白质的酶,从而限制了污泥中蛋白质的分解效率.     

Heavy-metal contents in suspended solids of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake and its environmental significances

Surface water was taken from river mouth to the central area of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China. Suspended solids were condensed by centrifugation 25L surface water samples from each selected site. Suspended solids and surface sediments were further freeze-dried and microwave digested before determining the metals by ICP-AES. Among the metals analyzed in suspended solids and sediments, contents of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn in suspended solids were significantly higher than those in sediments while contents of AI, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Pb, and V in suspended solids were 10%-30% higher than those in sediments. Sr and Ti contents in suspended solids and sediments were very similar. Na content in suspended solids was lower than that in sediments. Heavy metals were significantly accumulated in suspended solids. From the river mouth to the center of Meiliang Bay, contents of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in suspended solids showed a gradual decreasing trend indicating the river(Zhihugang River) still discharged large quantity of heavy metals to Meiliang Bay. The study suggests that the geochemical behaviors and ecological effects of heavy metals in suspended solids may serve as a good indicator for the pollution of lake.     

Variability of Water Column Transparency, Volume Flow and Suspended Solids Near San Diego Sewage Outfall (California): 15 Years of Data

The spatial and temporal variability of transparency measured for 15 years at 7 stations near the San Diego sewage outfall has been investigated and compared to the temporal variability of sewage suspended solid discharge and flow rate. the purpose of the time-series analyses was to distinguish natural from human (sewage discharge) causes of temporal changes in transparency. the results show that: 1) variations in transparency are highly correlated over the entire area, but there is a gradient in means and variability in the direction perpendicular to the coast; 2) there are no long term trends for increase or decrease in the water clarity at any of the stations; 3) most of the variance of transparency is contained in the seasonal frequency band; 4) over the same time period sewage discharge has significantly increased and suspended solids decreased; 5) most of the variance of these human-caused properties is in the interannual frequency band; (6) there is no correlation at any time-lag between water clarity and suspended solid discharge or flow. These results lead to the conclusion that these anthropogenic properties are not affecting transparency, while natural factors such as seasonality and distance from coast do.