香溪河流域黄磷运输环境风险分析

研究了载重量5t的黄磷运输汽车发生黄磷泄漏对香溪河流域的环境影响。泄漏的黄磷及污水与香溪河水混合后的总磷预测值:按河水多年平均流量(47.4m3/s)为0.3087mg/L,总磷浓度超标1.5倍;按洪水期最大流量(2890m3/s)为0.1526mg/L,不会对受纳水体造成明显污染;按枯水期最小流量(14m3/s)为0.6868mg/L,总磷浓度超标3.4倍。当发生黄磷燃爆引发P2O5大气污染事故时,半致死浓度范围为以事故点为圆心,半径约为60m的圆形区域;主要污染影响范围为事故源下风向3900m范围内。上述污染影响范围的确定,为事故的应急处理提供了科学依据。     

微絮凝连续砂滤装置深度处理矿区污水的研究

采用微絮凝连续过滤技术深度处理矿区生活污水,探讨了滤料粒径、厚度、滤速、砂循环速率及药剂投加量等因素对SS去除效果的影响.结果表明:粒径0.8～1.0 mm,滤床厚度1.0～1.2 m,滤速6～8 m/h,砂循环速率在2～4 mm/min,PAC投加量20～25 mg/L时,出水SS小于5 mg/L,去除率达到94.5%以上.     

一次暴雨空报和预警失误分析

通过分析2009年5月17到20日的天气背景、对比分析清远本站和郴州站的探空资料,以及清远本站的湿度、风等要素,找出北部地区和南部地区在同一环流背景下,所产生量级差异较大的降水原因。得出郴州站对北部地区的强降水指示意义在一定程度上大于清远本站;而清远本站的单站资料对清远本站强降雨指示意义明显。精细分析天气系统位置,可提高强天气在同一地区内的精细落区预报。雷达资料对本站的强天气预警信号发布具有重要指示意义。     

中、小型印染企业废水处理工艺的选择

随着印染工艺和产品结构的改变,印染水质同时也发生了很大变化,印染废水的处理难度也随之加大。针对印染废水的这一特点,本文首次提出了以膜分离技术为核心印染废水闭路循环处理技术,以实现印染废水的再生利用,解决印染废水对环境的危害。膜分离技术对中、小型印染企业废水处理是比较经济适用的废水处理技术,并以某企业40m3/d印染废水处理工程为例对该工艺进行了深入的研究。     

忠武输气管道榔坪河谷拦砂坝的优化设计

本文通过对忠武输气管道榔坪河谷山洪灾害特征及已建拦砂坝损毁原因的分析,对拦砂坝进行了合理的优化设计及稳定性分析,该研究可为拦砂坝的设计及类似灾害防治提供理论依据。     

长江流域可持续发展管理模式探讨

流域管理在国家区域开发和环境保护中具有重要的地位 ,国外在流域管理方面有较为成功的经验和发展趋势。本文分析了国外流域管理的经验和发展趋势以及长江流域的自然特征 ,结合长江流域管理的现状以及带来的问题 ,探讨了长江流域可持续发展的管理模式     

山西省沁河流域农村生活污水入河水质研究

针对农村生活污水管理的需求,在水生态功能区和水环境控制单元的基础上提出了农村生活污水入河水质核算方法.具体步骤包括:①根据地貌类型、降水蒸发量、植被和土壤类型等指标,进行水生态功能区划分;②在水生态功能分区基础上,结合水文单元和行政区边界,划定水环境控制单元;③对控制单元内的水环境容量进行计算,并调查核算各类污染源污染物排放入河量,然后基于水环境容量和污染物入河量确定农村生活污水污染物排放限值.结果表明,沁河流域可划分为2个一级水生态功能区和7个二级水生态功能区,并划分为15个水环境控制单元.以控制单元内沁河上游水质改善区为例,区域内农村生活污水COD排放限值为134.05 mg·L~(-1),且此标准下河流不满足接纳农村污水进行NH_3-N消减的条件.在以上研究成果基础上,提出了农村生活污水分区分级管理措施建议.     

Climate change induced eutrophication of cold-water lake in an ecologically fragile nature reserve

Aquatic ecosystem sustainability around the globe is facing crucial challenges because of increasing anthropogenic and natural disturbances. In this study, the Tianchi Lake, a typical cold-water lake and a UNESCO/MAB(Man and Biosphere) nature reserve located in high latitude and elevation with the relatively low intensity of human activity was chosen as a system to examine the linkages between climate change and eutrophication. As a part of the UNESCO Bogda Man and Biosphere Reserve, Tianchi Lake has been well preserved for prevention from human intervention, but why has it been infected with eutrophication recent years? Our results show that climate change played a significant role in the eutrophication in the Tianchi Lake. Increased temperature, changed precipitation pattern and wind-induced hydrodynamic fluctuations in the summer season were suggested to make a major contribution to the accelerated eutrophication. The results also showed that the local temperature and precipitation changes were closely linked to the large-scale atmospheric circulation, which opens the door for the method to be applied in other regions without local climatic information. This study suggests that there is an urgent need to take into consideration of climate change adaptation into the conservation and management of cold-water lakes globally.     

海陆风对天津市PM2.5和O3质量浓度的影响

静稳天气下局地环流往往会对污染物的传输扩散起重要作用.根据天津市地处渤海西岸,常年受到海陆风影响的特点,综合气象、环境资料及HYSPLIT模型,针对沿海、市区、城郊、山区等代表性站点,研究了海陆风对天津市ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（O₃）的影响.结果表明:①2015年天津市海陆风天数为78 d,占全年的22%;海陆风多集中于6-9月,其中,7月海陆风日最多、2月最少.②ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（O₃）季节性变化和空间分布特征不同.春、夏两季ρ（PM_2.5）山区最高、城郊最低;秋、冬两季ρ（PM_2.5）市区最高、山区最低.春、秋两季ρ（O₃）沿海最高、市区最低;夏季ρ（O₃）山区最高、沿海最低.③海陆风对ρ（PM_2.5）有扩散作用,对ρ（O₃）有增加作用.海陆风对沿海ρ（PM_2.5）扩散作用最为明显,致使冬、秋两季ρ（PM_2.5）分别下降20.2%和7.9%;对城郊ρ（O₃）增加作用最为明显,致使秋、夏两季ρ（O₃）分别升高39.8%和16.2%.④个例研究表明,海风向内陆推进过程中垂直方向最高可达1 000 m,受海风影响天津市ρ（PM_2.5）下降,陆风使得ρ（PM_2.5）小幅上升,海陆风总体起扩散作用;海陆风使天津市ρ（O₃）日变化出现3个峰值,日均值明显增大,其中,城郊增幅（68.2%）最大.研究显示,海陆风对天津市ρ（PM_2.5）有扩散的作用,但会增高ρ（O₃）.      

Numerical study of the effects of local atmospheric circulations on a pollution event over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China

Currently, the Chinese central government is considering plans to build a trilateral economic sphere in the Bohai Bay area, including Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei(BTH), where haze pollution frequently occurs. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to understand the physical mechanism of the haze pollution there. Therefore, the pollutant transport mechanisms of a haze event over the BTH region from 23 to 24 September 2011 were studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting model and the FLEXible-PARTicle dispersion model to understand the effects of the local atmospheric circulations and atmospheric boundary layer structure. Results suggested that the penetration by sea-breeze could strengthen the vertical dispersion by lifting up the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH) and carry the local pollutants to the downstream areas; in the early night, two elevated pollution layers(EPLs) may be generated over the mountain areas: the pollutants in the upper EPL at the altitude of 2–2.5 km were favored to disperse by long-range transport, while the lower EPL at the altitude of 1 km may serve as a reservoir, and the pollutants there could be transported downward and contribute to the surface air pollution.The intensity of the sea–land and mountain–valley breeze circulations played an important role in the vertical transport and distribution of pollutants. It was also found that the diurnal evolution of the PBLH is important for the vertical dispersion of the pollutants,which is strongly affected by the local atmospheric circulations and the distribution of urban areas.