城市热环境及其微热环境的改善

以苏南５市县３０年来热环境诸因素的变化资料为依据,分析城市区域特征所引起的热环境诸因素的变化趋势,介绍包括规划城市区域的道路网,控制建筑物布局的密度,以及城市绿化和水面等在内的城市规划和建筑设计措施对于改善城市区域微热环境的效用。     

New indicator approaches for effective urban air quality management

Measurements of urban air quality at monitoring stations in developed countries have frequently involved the criteria gaseous pollutants, particulates, hazardous air pollutants, perceived air quality and relevant meteorological conditions. Large numbers of indicators have therefore been established to quantify emissions, concentrations and environmental and human health impacts of each of these groups of substances. To simplify the data for management, several indicators have been grouped together to form urban air quality indices but the weightings of individual variables is contentious. In industrialising and developing countries, data may be limited and traditional air pollutant indicators cannot often be constructed. The emphasis therefore has to be placed on the development of policy-relevant indicators, such as Response Indicators that reflect different policy principles for regulating air pollutant emissions. Indices that quantify the air quality management capabilities and capacities at the city level provide further useful decision-relevant tools. Four sets of indices, namely, 1. air quality measurement capacity, 2. data assessment and availability, 3. emissions estimates, and 4. management enabling capabilities, and a composite index to evaluate air quality management capability, were constructed and applied to 80 cities. The indices revealed that management capability varied widely between the cities. In some of the cities, existing national knowledge on urban air quality could have been more effectively used for management. It was concluded that for effective urban air quality management, a greater emphasis should be given, not just to monitoring and data capture programmes, but to the development of indicators and indices that empower decision-makers to initiate management response strategies. Over-reliance on restricted, predetermined sets of traditional air quality indicators should be avoided.     

几种果粮间作人工植物群落生物生产力的动态变化及其优化调控

为解决果粮间作经营的中后期常出现的作物减产和资源浪费的矛盾,有必要分析果粮人工植物群落中各生态元的时空变化过程,揭示果粮间作经营中矛盾的产生、发展乃至激化的过程,寻求合理的间作作物组合,并进行优化调控,在岷江上游干旱河谷区,选择处于不同经营阶段（３ａ,５ａ,１０ａ,１８ａ,２８ａ）而经营管理条件基本一致的的９种苹果与粮食作物间作模式,调查测定了每一模式各阶段的果树的生长及其苹果产量,各间作粮食作物的生物量、总生物量、作物固定的总能量及其光能利用率、经济产量和经济收入等指标,揭示了苹果和各粮食作物２８ａ内的生物生产力的动态变化及其特点,找到了果树不同经营阶段的合理间作物组合,提出了该区不同经营阶段的最佳模式类型．对果粮间作的作用、理论基础及优化调控指标及其不确定性等问题也进行了讨论     

Climate pioneership and leadership in structurally disadvantaged maritime port cities

ABSTRACT

Innovative climate governance in small-to-medium-sized structurally disadvantaged cities (SDCs) are assessed. Considering their deeply ingrained severe economic and social problems it would be reasonable to assume that SDCs act primarily as climate laggards or at best as followers. However, novel empirical findings show that SDCs are capable of acting as climate pioneers. Different types and styles of climate leadership and pioneership and how they operate within multi-level and polycentric governance structures are identified and assessed. SDCs seem relatively readily willing to adopt transformational climate pioneership styles to create ‘green’ jobs, for example, in the offshore wind energy sector and with the aim of improving their poor external image. However, in order to sustain transformational climate pioneership they often have to rely on support from ‘higher’ levels of governance. For SDCs, there is a tension between learning from each other’s best practice and fierce economic competition in climate innovation.     

Cities as leaders in EU multilevel climate governance: embedded upscaling of local experiments in Europe

ABSTRACT

The success of local climate governance in Europe depends not only on leading cities but also on the dynamics between leaders, followers, and laggards. Upscaling local experiments helps to close the gap between these actors. This process is driven by the increasing embeddedness of cities and their networks in EU multilevel governance. Embedded upscaling combines horizontal upscaling between leading cities with vertical upscaling between leaders and followers that is mediated by higher levels of government, and hierarchical upscaling that even reaches the laggards. Various types of upscaling, their combinations, and their impacts are analyzed. Networks have become denser and networking has intensified. City networks and their member cities have become embedded in national and EU governance, lost authority and depend more and more on regional, national, and European authorities.     

考虑环境约束的中国资源型城市全要素能源效率及其差异研究

论文采用考虑非期望产出的SBM模型测算了考虑环境约束的中国资源型城市全要素能源效率,并对全要素能源效率差异进行分解研究.研究发现:第一,多数资源型城市处于非效率状态,不同类别城市间效率差异明显,并且这种差异并未随时间明显改善;第二,按区域分组,区域内差异是造成全要素能源效率总体差异的主因,其中,中部区域组内差异是造成总体差异的最重要因素;第三,按规划综合分类分组,各群组内部差异是造成总体差异的主因,其中,成熟型组内差异是造成总体差异的最重要因素;第四,按资源类型分组,各群组内部差异是造成总体差异的主因,其中,煤炭类组内差异与综合类组内差异是造成总体差异最为重要的前两位因素.在研究结果的基础上,论文探讨了相关的含义.     

四川凉山州安宁河流域泥石流危险性评价

在对凉山州安宁河流域5个县市的泥石流灾害进行野外调查和资料收集的基础上,进行了以乡镇为单元的小区域泥石流危险性评价。评价结果表明:在研究区129个乡镇中,31个乡镇处于泥石流极高危险区,60个乡镇处于泥石流高度危险区,34个乡镇处于泥石流中度危险区,4个乡处于泥石流低度危险区;其中喜德县泥石流危险性最大,德昌县和西昌市次之,然后是冕宁县和会理县。     

城市碳排放的评估方法——影响要素和过程研究

城市碳排放对全球碳循环和气候变化产生了深远的影响。论文在国内外城市碳排放研究基础上,从城市化的碳排放效应、城市碳排放估算和影响要素、碳排放观测、碳循环和碳代谢过程等方面系统归纳总结了碳排放评估方法、要素和过程。评述了Kaya恒等式、LMDI方法、CGE模型、混合分析法、清单编制法、UE模型、FFDAS模型、STIRPAT模型、格网模型、综合分析法(Four-part Methodology)、建筑碳排放模型、物质代谢法、EC碳通量观测等代表性碳排放估算和观测方法。研究焦点正在从宏观模式转向微观机理,从自然、人文单一过程转向人文-自然耦合过程,热点区域从发达国家城市转向发展中国家城市,从单一数据源转向遥感、实验观测等多源数据。基于上述特点,当前研究应从城市公平发展和低碳城市出发,建立城市公共利益能源研究框架,根据城市职能类型和发展水平,综合涡度通量观测、计量模型、生态模型、遥感和GIS技术,构建高精度城市碳排放账户,建立城市代谢存量和流量标准分类系统,发展和完善碳排放估算模型,提高城市碳排放计算结果精度和城市间的可比性。     

珠江三角洲城市雨水的化学组成及其成因探讨

于2005—2007年间,基于降水过程监测分析了广州市和珠海市雨水的化学组成。结果表明,广州市雨水的pH值变化于3.32~7.03之间,平均值为4.35,众数约为4.15。珠海市雨水的pH值变化于3.38~6.49之间,平均值为4.51。雨水pH值随降水强度的减弱而降低,这决定于大气中水汽与酸性气体的接触时间。珠江三角洲城市雨水中所含主要离子依次是SO42-、NO3-、NH4＋、Ca2＋、Cl-。雨水的酸化与降水过程密切相关。降雨初期雨水比中后期雨水的pH值高,揭示降雨初期大气中的粉尘颗粒有效中和雨水的酸度。多天连续降水天气对大气尘埃的清洗作用明显,但是持续的SO2和NOx排放更容易使雨水酸化。滨海城市降水初期雨水的电导率上升较快（可以从小于1μS.cm-1上升到20~30μS.cm-1）,随着降水时间的延长雨水的电导率以较慢的速率上升。     

2006─2010年环保重点城市主要污染物浓度变化特征

利用2006─2010年全国环保重点城市的空气质量日报数据,分析了大气ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)的变化特征. 结果表明:从年际变化看,ρ(SO2)和ρ(PM10)呈下降趋势,ρ(NO2)变化不显著.从季节变化看,ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)均呈冬季高、夏季低的特征.从浓度谱分布看,全国大气中ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)分别集中在0～0.150、0～0.100和0～0.250 mg/m3范围内,ρ(SO2)和ρ(PM10)谱峰区间逐渐向低浓度范围偏移,高浓度事件逐渐减少,表明SO2和PM10污染得到较明显的控制,而ρ(NO2)谱峰变化不大.从浓度变化看,山西ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)下降最明显,年变化率分别为-11.2、-3.6和-14.2 μg/m3;青海ρ(SO2)、山东ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)的上升趋势最明显,年变化率分别为4.4、2.7和4.5 μg/m3.