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491.
石油烃污染场地已经成为国内外重点关注的工业污染场地类型之一。国内基于人体健康风险的污染场地管理模式及分层次评估方法已经展现雏形,为风险管理者提供了基于人体健康的土壤石油烃风险筛选值和管制值,也为污染场地的防治与修复工作提供了决策支持。在前人研究的基础上,梳理了国内土壤环境质量标准体系的建立与发展历程,分析了石油烃类污染物检测方法的现状与未来发展趋势,并着重对比与分析了各标准制订的石油烃及其指示化合物的风险评估筛选值。目前面临的关键问题:①完善石油烃监测指标体系及分析方法是精准获得风险评估结果的前提。现有石油烃馏分指标划分较为宽泛,有必要参考国外先进标准体系,逐渐完善石油烃馏分指标划分及其配套的定量分析方法。②新颁布的国家建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准在前期场地调查中具有一定的普遍适用性,但是考虑到地域建筑物参数、人群暴露参数等的差异性,在后期场地调查中还需要因地制宜地制定适合污染场地的具体修复目标值,并针对关键性参数作定量化解析。 相似文献
492.
环境生态风险评估(ERA)流程已经被纳入全球环境政策中,既用于规范新化学物质的授权和营销(前瞻性环境生态风险评估),也用于评估潜在的污染场地(回顾性环境生态风险评估)。将土壤生态毒理学应用于风险评估,能阐明有毒物质对土壤生态系统中生命有机体的危害程度与范围。笔者主要介绍了应用评估因子法和物种敏感度分布法对基于效应数据进行的外推与估算,并综述了欧美等主要国家和地区的土壤生态风险评估框架、相关法律法规及其实施情况等,为中国开展土壤污染物生态毒理效应和风险评估等相关研究提供参考。 相似文献
493.
通过湿法消解土壤样品,利用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法(GAAS)和火焰原子吸收分光光度法(FAAS)测定不同土壤样品中铅的含量,以验证2种方法的有效性并加以对比。实验结果表明:2种方法均满足土壤中铅含量的测定要求,测定的标准土样含量均在标准值的不确定度范围内,GAAS方法测定结果更接近保证值。二者的相对标准偏差(RSD)值均低于1.5%,FAAS方法的精密度更高,且具有快速简单等优势。 相似文献
494.
Andrew S. Jones Allan A. Andales Jos L. Chvez Cullen McGovern Garvey E.B. Smith Olaf David Steven J. Fletcher 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2020,56(2):201-211
We apply predictive weather metrics and land model sensitivities to improve the Colorado State University Water Irrigation Scheduler for Efficient Application (WISE). WISE is an irrigation decision aid that integrates environmental and user information for optimizing water use. Rainfall forecasts and verification performance metrics are used to estimate predictive rainfall probabilities that are used as input data within the irrigation decision aid. These input data errors are also used within a land model sensitivity study to diagnose important prognostic water movement behaviors for irrigation tool development purposes simultaneously performing the analysis in space and time. Thus, important questions such as “how long can a crop water application be delayed while maintaining crop yield production?” are addressed by evaluating crop growth stage interactions as a function of soil depth (i.e., space), rainfall events (i.e., time), and their probabilistic uncertainties. Editor’s note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series. 相似文献
495.
Ying Cui Feng Tan Yan Wang Suyu Ren Jingwen Chen 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(6):111
496.
While the public can play a vital role in saving lives during emergencies, intervention is only effective if people have the skills, confidence, and willingness to help. This review employs a five-stage framework to systematically analyse first aid and emergency helping literature from 22 countries (predominately in Asia, Australia, Europe, and the United States). The review covers 54 articles that investigate public first-aid knowledge and uptake of first-aid training (40); public confidence in first-aid skills and willingness to help during an emergency (21); and barriers to or enablers of learning first aid and delivering first aid in an emergency (25). The findings identify high levels of perceived knowledge, confidence, and willingness to help, supporting the contention that the public can play a vital role during an emergency. However, the findings also point to low uptake levels, low tested skill-specific knowledge, and barriers to learning first aid and helping, indicating that the first-aid training landscape is in need of improvement. 相似文献
497.
Kumar PR 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,117(1-3):215-233
In this paper, an attempt has been made to highlight an experimental methodology for monitoring contaminant transport through
locally available silty soil and commercially available clay in geotechnical centrifuge models, for different compaction states.
Use of multiple depth sensors to determine depth distribution of sodium chloride in the soil column has been detailed. The
obtained results have been compared with argentometric method. To validate the centrifuge modelling, modelling of models has
been used. The test setup developed can simulate contaminant transport mechanisms through the soil mass, which is approximately
10 m deep, over a period of 600 days. R
e and P
e are found to be N times higher in the centrifuge models. These numbers are found to be several orders less than unity. This indicates that
laminar flow prevails and the dominating Cl− transport mechanism in centrifuge is diffusion. The study also highlights the fact that the geotechnical centrifuge modelling
can be used as a viable alternative to field scale experimentation. 相似文献
498.
Using Ion-Exchange Resins to Study Soil Response to Experimental Watershed Acidification 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Szillery JE Fernandez IJ Norton SA Rustad LE White AS 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,116(1-3):383-398
Ion-exchange resins (IER) offer alternative approaches to measuring ionic movement in soils that may have advantages over
traditional approaches in some settings, but more information is needed to understand how IER compare with traditional methods
of measurement in forested ecosystems. At the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM), one of two paired, forested watersheds
is treated bi-monthly with S and N (28.8 and 25.2kgha−1yr−1 of S and N, respectively). Both IER and ceramic cup tension lysimeters were used to study soil solution responses after ∼11
years of treatment. Results from both methods showed treatments resulted in the mobilization of base cations and Al, and higher
SO4—S and inorganic N in the treated watershed. Both methods indicated similar differences in results associated with forest
type (hardwoods versus softwoods), a result of differences in litter quality and atmospheric aerosol interception capacity.
The correlation between lysimeter and IER data for individual analytes varied greatly. Significant correlations were evident
for Na (r=0.75), Al (r=0.65), Mn (r=0.61), Fe (r=0.57), Ca (r=0.49), K (r=0.41) and NO3—N (r=0.59). No correlation was evident between IER and soil solution data for NH4—N and Pb. Both IER and soil solution techniques suggested similar interpretations of biogeochemical behavior in the watershed. 相似文献
499.
UV Spectroscopic Monitoring of Vaporized Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons from Petroleum-Contaminated Soils
Fast and simple systems using ultraviolet (UV) absorbance were examined for on-line monitoring of monoaromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum-contaminated soils in this research. Since soil particles hinder the UV light transmittance, the absorbance measurement of vaporized monoaromatic hydrocarbons in soil gas extracted from petroleum-contaminated soils was proposed. In the fixed system that exhibited higher sensitivity than the portable one, the absorbance intensity of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene increased in proportion to the concentration of the contaminants. The portable system, however, was suitable for screening purpose, while it exhibited faster response. There was no interference from water, which helps the applicability of the proposed systems to the actual fields. 相似文献
500.
Jaradat QM Massadeh AM Zaitoun MA Maitah BM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,112(1-3):197-210
Chemical and physical size fractionation of heavy metals were carried out on 20 soil samples from the scrap yard area. Tessier
method was used in sequential extraction. Cadmium showed the highest levels among the other elements studied in the exchangeable
fraction (about 33%), while other elements showed low levels in this fraction (≥1%). Lead and manganese were mostly found
in the Fe–Mn oxide fraction, zinc and iron were mostly in residual fraction, while copper was mostly found in the organic
fraction of the soil. Soil samples were size-fractionated into four sizes: 1000–500, 500–125, 125–53, and less than 53 μm.
The highest levels of Fe, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Cd were found in the medium fraction (500–125 μm), while zinc showed its highest
levels in the fine fraction (125–53 μm). The order of heavy metal load in the size fractions was found to be medium > fine
> coarse > silt for Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Cd, where it was found as fine > medium > coarse > silt for zinc. 相似文献