加油站三次油气回收技术现状分析与性能提升技术研究

针对近年来加油站三次油气回收设备排放频繁超标的问题,对加油站已投用的三次油气回收设备进行调研分析,找出导致三次油气回收设备排放超标的原因,通过数据模拟对相关结论进行验证,提出解决三次油气回收设备超标排放问题的技术提升措施。     

美国污染场地清理的风险评估简介及政策制定

本文主要介绍美国加州污染场地清理的风险评估的概念,方法,计算和风险管理.从而引进挥发性污染物室内入侵风险评估方法来制定污染场地清理标准.讨论如何运用数学模型计算土壤清理浓度和挥发性污染物室内入侵风险评估.在风险评估基础上,加州环保署水质管理局颁布了地下储油罐低风险结案政策.政策中的污染场地清理定量标准是由人体健康风险评估方法计算得出.最后,用一个具体的美国加州洛杉矶案例介绍风险评估方法是怎样运用在污染场地清理修复中,以回答污染场地修复的关键问题"多干净算干净".     

Preparation of Ti species coating hydrotalcite by chemical vapor deposition for photodegradation of azo dye

TiO_2 in anatase crystal phase is a very effective catalyst in the photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds in water. To improve its photocatalytic activity, the Ti-coating Mg Al hydrotalcite(Ti–Mg Al–LDH) was prepared by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) method.Response surface method(RSM) was employed to evaluate the effect of Ti species coating parameters on the photocatalytic activity, which was found to be affected by the furnace temperature, N2 flow rate and influx time of precursor gas. Application of RSM successfully increased the photocatalytic efficiency of the Ti–Mg Al–LDH in methylene blue photodegradation under UV irradiation, leading to improved economy of the process.According to the results from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Brunner–Emmet–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Hallender, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra analyses, the Ti species(TiO_2or/and Ti~(4+)) were successfully coated on the Mg Al–LDH matrix. The Ti species on the surface of the Ti–Mg Al–LDH lead to a higher photocatalytic performance than commercial TiO_2-P25. The results suggested that CVD method provided a new approach for the industrial preparation of Ti-coating Mg Al–LDH material with good photocatalytic performances.     

土壤包气带含水率对氯代烃垂向迁移影响的模拟研究

氯代烃类挥发性有机物在土壤包气带中的垂向迁移是该类污染物呼吸暴露风险的重要途径.为探究氯代烃在土壤包气带中的垂向迁移规律,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究土壤包气带含水率对不同氯代烃〔TCE(三氯乙烯)、PCE(四氯乙烯)〕气相扩散速率的影响,并通过线性拟合筛选出更准确的气相有效扩散系数预测模型.结果表明,土壤含水率与氯代烃气相有效扩散系数呈显著负相关〔R=-0.89,P < 0.01,n=7(TCE);R=-0.86,P < 0.01,n=7(PCE)〕.随着土壤含水率由0.5%增至40.0%,TCE气相有效扩散系数(D_T)由0.035 9 cm2/s降至0.002 5 cm2/s,平衡时间由13 h增至91 h,平衡时气体浓度由4.22 g/m3降至0.31 g/m3;PCE气相有效扩散系数(D_P)由0.033 9 cm2/s降至0.001 1 cm2/s,平衡时间由15 h增至103 h,平衡时气体浓度由3.01 g/m3降至0.12 g/m3.与Penman模型、Marshall模型模拟值相比,Millington-Quirk模型模拟值与氯代烃气相有效扩散系数实测值的拟合程度更好(R>0.95,P < 0.01,n=7).研究显示,土壤包气带含水率的增加对氯代烃气相扩散有明显的抑制作用.      

祁连山东段降水的水化学特征及离子来源研究

我国西北地区深处内陆,水汽经过长距离输送才可以到达,降水量少且变率大,与季风区降水有很大不同.运用因子分析法、富集因子法、后向轨迹分析法,对2013-05-01~2014-07-11连续收集的降水主要离子进行分析,研究了祁连山东段降水的水化学特征及离子来源.结果表明,祁连山东段降水电导率值的变化范围在29.20~892.00μS·cm-1之间,p H值在7.02~8.89之间,降水电导率受碱性元素控制,为弱碱性水;降水中阳离子浓度大小排序为Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)Na~+NH_4~+K~+,阴离子浓度大小排序为SO_4~(2-)Cl-NO_3~-,降水为SO_4~(2-)-Ca~(2+)型;降水中K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、NH+4、Cl-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)浓度在秋季最高,Na+浓度在冬季最高;降水中的Na+和Cl-主要是海源贡献,但Na+在冬季也有陆源贡献,Cl~-在秋季有人为源的影响,K+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)主要是陆源贡献,Mg~(2+)在冬季有人为源的影响,NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)主要是人为源的贡献;降水中离子来源的水汽输送有西北、北方、北方+东南、西北+东南、西北+西南、西北+北方+东南路径,其中西北路径是最主要来源.祁连山降水中海源离子通过西风环流和季风环流长距离输送,陆源离子主要由中亚、新疆、蒙古高原的沙漠和戈壁提供,人为源离子主要与各路径上的城市污染和绿洲工、农业生产有关,而降水中离子含量多少受各天气系统的强弱变化影响.     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

河西走廊地区农垦企业的地域发展特征与问题诊断

河西走廊地区的农垦企业对当地经济的发展起到了示范、带动和辐射作用，是拉动当地经济发展的一驾马车。本文通过对农垦企业的典型调查。分析了政策因素、农业资源条件和运费因素对农垦布局的影响，并讨论了农垦企业的发展特征。重点阐述了农垦企业的发展中存在的问题，主要包括不合理的产业结构、实现产业化经营的难度、企业办社会造成了沉重的社会负担、过高的企业负债率、人才结构不合理、未享受到正常的国民待遇以及与所在区域难以实现协调发展。基于上述分析，提出了协调农垦企业与区域经济发展的合理机制。     

改性活性炭纤维对含乙醇有机废气的吸附性能研究

文章研究了活性炭纤维(ACF)对乙醇的吸附性能以及表面基团和形态对吸附性能的影响,并以提高活性炭纤维对乙醇的吸附性能为出发点,采用无机盐浸渍及二次热处理方法对ACF进行表面改性,改性前ACF对乙醇的吸附容量为376mg/g,经过无机盐浸渍并二次热处理改性的ACF对乙醇的吸附容量达到了516mg/g,穿透时间也由改性前的30min延长到了80min。结果表明,无机盐浸渍和二次热处理改变了ACF表面基团和形态,从而提高了ACF对乙醇的吸附性能。     

四川空中水资源的稳定性与可开发性研究

利用1948—2008年的NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料,计算了四川地区大气中的可降水量、水汽含量相对变率、水汽输送通量和水汽输送通量散度,分析了四川空中水资源的稳定性与可开发性。结果表明:水汽含量的稳定性特征与水汽含量有密切关系,水汽含量高的东南部,水汽含量稳定;水汽含量相对低的西北地区,水汽含量不稳定。盆地月水汽含量的平均年际变化特点为:夏季小、冬季大,东部小、西部大,1948—2008年以来,区域平均的年大气可降水量总体呈偏多—偏少—偏多—偏少的趋势。大部分水汽集中在对流层中下层,主要来自印度季风区孟加拉湾和南海,而对流层中上层,则以中纬度西风带输送为主。春、秋、冬季四川东南地区有较强的水汽辐合中心,结合大气环流和大气湿度分布揭示了区域上空水汽汇聚,可以较好地指导云雨作业。     

油品蒸发损耗及其回收处理技术

油品在储运、销售、应用过程中,存在着大量的蒸发损耗,油气回收是解决这一问题最有效的方法.常用的油气回收处理方法包括燃烧法、冷凝法、溶剂吸收法、吸附法、膜分离法等.将不同的回收方法进行有机组合,能实现技术互补,进而提高油气的回收效率.对油气回收系统进行评价,显示出其良好的社会、环境、经济效益.