How Hydrologic Connectivity Regulates Water Quality in River Corridors

Downstream flow in rivers is repeatedly delayed by hydrologic exchange with off‐channel storage zones where biogeochemical processing occurs. We present a dimensionless metric that quantifies river connectivity as the balance between downstream flow and the exchange of water with the bed, banks, and floodplains. The degree of connectivity directly influences downstream water quality — too little connectivity limits the amount of river water exchanged and leads to biogeochemically inactive water storage, while too much connectivity limits the contact time with sediments for reactions to proceed. Using a metric of reaction significance based on river connectivity, we provide evidence that intermediate levels of connectivity, rather than the highest or lowest levels, are the most efficient in removing nitrogen from Northeastern United States’ rivers. Intermediate connectivity balances the frequency, residence time, and contact volume with reactive sediments, which can maximize the reactive processing of dissolved contaminants and the protection of downstream water quality. Our simulations suggest denitrification dominantly occurs in riverbed hyporheic zones of streams and small rivers, whereas vertical turbulent mixing in contact with sediments dominates in mid‐size to large rivers. The metrics of connectivity and reaction significance presented here can facilitate scientifically based prioritizations of river management strategies to protect the values and functions of river corridors.     

国家运输支撑力下的陆上丝绸之路运输通道风险测算方法

丝绸之路运输通道风险测算可有效分析通道风险因素,为国际运输宏观政策制定及风险管控提供理论支撑。针对25个国家的7条运输通道,结合文献分析法获取国家运输节点风险的影响因素,利用因子分析法量化综合风险;基于运输通道风险构成机制结合多维度的不均衡指数构建国家运输支撑力下的运输通道风险测度模型。结果表明:北线和西1通道风险最小,南线通道风险最大;运输通道风险测度受国家数目、国家参与程度及其影响力及国家风险状态影响;各运输通道内部与通道间均存在风险不均衡现象。     

滤毒罐寿命失效指示器的研究进展

滤毒罐寿命失效指示器能保障有毒有害环境下作业人员的生命安全。为了全面了解滤毒罐寿命失效指示器的研究进展,基于滤毒罐失效指示器的概念、原理和政策,介绍滤毒罐对有机蒸气有效防护时间的评估模型及其应用;通过介绍近年来主动式和被动式2类滤毒罐寿命失效指示器的研究进展,指出被动式比色型寿命失效指示器由于成本低廉是目前研究较为广泛、成熟的技术,而成本仍然是制约主动式寿命失效指示器的主要因素;最后,提出滤毒罐寿命失效指示器在职业防护领域和军事领域的发展趋势和应用前景。     

高家坪隧道岩溶水系统识别及涌水量预测

为查明在建宜保高速高家坪隧道内ZK45+995m处突水点的补给来源以及隧道区的水文地质条件,并预测可能的涌水量,在对隧道区内岩溶发育规律调查分析的基础上,先后在隧道区开展了两次地下水示踪试验,结果查明:高家坪隧道内ZK45+995m处突水点的补给来源于隧道北侧的下埫岩溶洼地,汇水面积为0.66km2,突水点所处的岩溶管道为黄龙洞岩溶水系统的西支,为单一岩溶管道类型,地下水最大流速为341 m/d,平均流速为244m/d,地下水流速快,管道介质相当发育。根据示踪试验划分的黄龙洞岩溶水系统与干洞坪岩溶水系统边界范围,并利用黄龙洞泉长期降雨量-泉流量监测数据,采用大气降雨入渗法预测高家坪隧道ZK45+995m处突水点未来可能遭遇的最大涌水量为13 216m3/d,正常涌水量为5 940m3/d,为隧道防治水方案的制定提供了水文地质依据。     

台风“麦德姆”福州降水δ18O特征及水汽来源分析

大气降水的氢氧同位素不仅在长时间尺度和短时间尺度上对气候环境有一定的响应,而且在极端天气事件中也响应强烈。论文基于2014年7月23—24日10号台风麦德姆登陆前后福州降水的氢氧稳定同位素分析,发现台风麦德姆降水的δ¹⁸O变化范围为-7.2‰~-15.4‰,整个降雨过程分为3个阶段：阶段1（23日3：00至23日12：00）,雨水δ¹⁸O相对偏正（加权平均值为-7.8‰）,降水开始增加,主要受台风外围环流的影响;阶段2（23日12：00至24日8：00）,雨水δ¹⁸O显著偏负（加权平均值为-13.9‰）,采样点降水量达134.8 mm,约占观测时段降水量的78%,降雨量效应明显,主要受台风云雨区影响;阶段3（24日8：00至24日17：00）,雨水δ¹⁸O偏正（加权平均值为-9.2‰）,降水减少,台风远离福州。通过降水δ¹⁸O的阶段性特征以及过量氘,结合水汽输送通量与HYSPLIT-4模拟水汽轨迹分析,确定此次降水的水汽源主要来自西北太平洋水汽通道与孟加拉湾和南海水汽通道。     

Response Variables for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Conservation Corridors

Many studies have evaluated effectiveness of corridors by measuring species presence in and movement through small structural corridors. However, few studies have assessed whether these response variables are adequate for assessing whether the conservation goals of the corridors have been achieved or considered the costs or lag times involved in measuring the response variables. We examined 4 response variables—presence of the focal species in the corridor, interpatch movement via the corridor, gene flow, and patch occupancy—with respect to 3 criteria—relevance to conservation goals, lag time (fewest generations at which a positive response to the corridor might be evident with a particular variable), and the cost of a study when applying a particular variable. The presence variable had the least relevance to conservation goals, no lag time advantage compared with interpatch movement, and only a moderate cost advantage over interpatch movement or gene flow. Movement of individual animals between patches was the most appropriate response variable for a corridor intended to provide seasonal migration, but it was not an appropriate response variable for corridor dwellers, and for passage species it was only moderately relevant to the goals of gene flow, demographic rescue, and recolonization. Response variables related to gene flow provided a good trade‐off among cost, relevance to conservation goals, and lag time. Nonetheless, the lag time of 10–20 generations means that evaluation of conservation corridors cannot occur until a few decades after a corridor has been established. Response variables related to occupancy were most relevant to conservation goals, but the lag time and costs to detect corridor effects on occupancy were much greater than the lag time and costs to detect corridor effects on gene flow. Variables de Respuesta para la Evaluación de la Efectividad de los Corredores de Conservación     

耕地整理的景观效应分析

论文通过对不同耕地类型区的典型样区调查获得的小尺度耕地景观现状特征与各耕地类型在不同整理水平下的耕地景观细部规划设计下的景观特征进行对比分析来研究北京市延庆县耕地整理的景观效应。选用斑块平均面积、平均周长、密度、边界密度、平均斑块周长面积比等指标来描述整理前后耕地景观斑块特征的变化;采用廊道类型、廊道占耕地景观面积的比例、各类型廊道占总廊道长度的比例、密度、网络连通度、网络环通度等来表达整理前后廊道特征的变化。研究结果表明,通过耕地整理明显提高了斑块平均面积、平均周长,降低了斑块密度、边界密度、平均斑块周长面积比,提高了景观粒度,减小了耕地景观破碎化程度和耕地景观被边界分割程度。整理后廊道占耕地景观面积比例减小;整理后耕地廊道系统中各廊道类型占总廊道长度的比例趋于合理;廊道类型中增加了农田防护林带,改变了耕地内单一类型景观格局;提高了道路、沟渠等廊道的网络连通度和环通度,有利于农田生态系统中物质和能量流动。     

石油石化有机液体装载油气回收技术评估

对炼化企业和储油库企业有机液体装载油气回收技术路线开展了调查分析,从设计气量和浓度、现场监测、技术路线对比等方面对装载油气回收技术进行了评估,指出存在的问题并对技术路线分三类提出了选择建议;通过减排效益分析,提出油气回收可实现全成本微盈利,对企业具有环保和经济双赢效益。     

近30 a青藏高原夏季空中水资源时空变化特征及其成因

综合考虑高原大地形以及南亚季风、中纬西风带的影响,利用1979-2010 年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,从高原整体空中水资源分布以及区域可降水量与水汽收支变化等方面剖析了青藏高原夏季（6-8 月）空中水资源时空变化特征及其机制。分析表明：除高原西北部外,其它4 个分区多年平均水汽净收支为汇。1979-2010 年,高原中南、东南与西北部可降水量与水汽净收支均呈递减趋势,东北部相反,中北部水汽净输入减弱但可降水量增加。高原空中水资源变化与中纬西风带和南亚季风水汽输送关联密切,区域西风、南亚季风活动减弱分别反映了高原中东部纬向水汽、30°N以南经向水汽输送的减少;而高原特有的地形分布加剧了各分区水汽净收支变化格局。     

Variations in stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in atmospheric water vapor in the marine boundary layer across a wide latitude range

The newly-developed cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy analyzer with special calibration protocols has enabled the direct measurement of atmospheric vapor isotopes at high spatial and temporal resolution. This paper presents real-time hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope data for atmospheric water vapor above the sea surface, over a wide range of latitudes spanning from 38°N to 69°S. Our results showed relatively higher values of 8180 and 82H in the subtropical regions than those in the tropical and high latitude regions, and also a notable decreasing trend in the Antarctic coastal region. By combining the hydrogen and oxygen isotope data with meteoric water line and backward trajectory model analysis, we explored the kinetic fractionation caused by subsiding air masses and related saturated vapor pressure in the subtropics, and the evaporation-driven kinetic fractionation in the Antarctic region. Simultaneous observations of meteorological and marine variables were used to interpret the isotopic composition characteristics and influential factors, indicating that d-excess is negatively correlated with humidity across a wide range of latitudes and weather conditions worldwide. Coincident with previous studies, d-excess is also positively correlated with sea surface temperature and air temperature （Tair）, with greater sensitivity to Tair. Thus, atmospheric vapor isotopes measured with high accuracy and good spatial- temporal resolution could act as informative tracers for exploring the water cycle at different regional scales. Such monitoring efforts should be undertaken over a longer time period and in different regions of the world.