大连市园林绿地土壤化学元素分异特征研究

以大连市单位附属绿地、公共绿地、住宅区绿地、道路绿地4种典型城市绿地类型8个取样点的表层土壤为研究对象,采用野外土样采集和室内分析相结合的研究方法,就大连市城区不同绿地类型表层土壤大量元素、微量元素及重金属元素的分异特征进行系统研究.结果表明:大连市园林绿地土壤在养分特征上具有明显的空间变异性,但土壤化学元素多呈无规律分布.     

紫色土小流域不同土地利用类型的土壤氮素时空分异特征

以紫色土区12.10 km²的万安小流域为研究区域,于2011年4月(旱季)和8月(雨季)小麦和玉米收获期共采集552个表层土壤(0~15 cm)样品,利用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法对流域土壤全氮和硝态氮的时空变异特征进行研究.结果表明,不同土地利用类型土壤全氮含量差异显著,并呈以下顺序:水旱轮作田>林地>旱地;同一土地利用类型旱季、雨季土壤全氮含量不存在显著差异.其中,4月和8月林地、旱地、水旱轮作田土壤全氮含量分别为1.16、0.90、1.21 g·kg^-1和1.13、0.94、1.29 g·kg^-1.但旱季和雨季土壤硝态氮含量差异显著,其中,4月和8月林地、旱地、水旱轮作田硝态氮含量分别为12.08、24.22、31.22 mg·kg^-1和3.98、11.18、2.27 mg·kg^-1,表现出土壤硝态氮旱季累积、雨季流失的特点;受到内部因素和外部因素共同作用,旱地、水旱轮作田土壤全氮空间分布具有中等空间相关性,而林地土壤全氮的强烈空间相关性主要受到内部因素的影响.本研究分析了紫色土区不同土地利用类型条件下的流域土壤氮素的时空变异特征,将会为流域土地资源管理和环境修复提供较好的科学依据.     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

中国区域紫外辐射红斑剂量时空变化特征

利用大气探测卫星AURA搭载的臭氧观测仪（ozone monitoring instrument,OMI）所获得的紫外辐射红斑剂量数据,分析了2005—2015年中国紫外辐射的时空变化特征。在空间上,紫外线辐射呈现纬度地带性分布,从南向北逐渐减小,大约从4200 J?m^?2到1500 J?m^?2递减。紫外辐射与高程呈现明显的正相关,东部、东北的低海拔地区,紫外辐射相对较低。在高海拨的青藏高原区,紫外辐射高,多年平均值大约为5500 J?m^?2,有些区域可达6000 J?m^?2以上。在时间上,紫外辐射红斑剂量存在明显的季节变化,一年中变化大致呈现抛物线分布。在夏季（7月份）达到最大值,多年平均值为5532.9 J?m^?2,春秋季次之,冬季（12月份）达到最小值,多年平均值为1089.2 J?m^?2。2005—2015年平均紫外线辐射呈上升趋势,但是在2010年出现谷值,多年平均值大约为3016.5 J?m^?2。不同区域的变化趋势表现出明显的空间差异,大体呈现两种模式：在高值的青藏高原区,紫外辐射呈现减少的趋势;在低值区,紫外辐射呈现逐渐增大的趋势。     

Characteristics of one-year observation of VOCs, NOx, and O3 at an urban site in Wuhan, China

A continuous online observation of ozone and its precursors(NOx, VOCs) was carried out in central urban Wuhan from September 2016 to August 2017. The concentration levels of ozone,NOx, VOCs and their variations in urban Wuhan were analyzed, as well as effects of VOCs on ozone photochemical generation and the main controlling factors for ozone production. During the observation period, the average concentrations of ozone and NOx in Wuhan was 22.63 and30.14 ppbv, respectively, and the average concentration of VOCs was 32.61 ppbv(42.3% alkanes,13.0% alkenes, 10.0% aromatics, 7.3% acetylene, 9.9% OVOCs, and 10.5% halohydrocarbons).Ozone concentration was higher in spring and summer as compared with autumn and winter,wheras VOCs and NOx concentratios were lower in spring and summer but higher in autumn and winter. Aromatics and alkenes, two of VOCs species, showed the highest contributions to ozone formation potential in Wuhan(35.7% alkenes, 35.4 aromatics, 17.5% alkanes, 8.6% OVOCs,1.6% halogenated hydrocarbons, and 1.4% acetylene). Among all VOCs species, those with the highest contribution were ethylene, m-xylene, toluene, propylene and o-xylene. The contribution of these five compounds to the total ozone formation potential concentration was 43.90%.Ozone-controlling factors in Wuhan changed within one day; during the early morning hours(6:00–9:00), VOCs/NOx was low, and ozone generation followed a VOCs-limited regime.However, during the peak time of ozone concentration(12:00–16:00), the ratio of VOCs/NOx was relatively high, suggesting that ozone generation followed a NOx-limited regime.     

基于多采样点的南京市PM2.5中的水溶性砷分析

对南京市的18个采样点进行PM_(2.5)样品采集,并利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪以及液相电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪分别对样品中的总砷和4种水溶性砷进行测量,在此基础上研究PM_(2.5)中砷的形态及其时空分布特征.结果表明:南京市PM_(2.5)中的砷以无机砷为主,有机砷为辅.无机砷以三价砷(As(III))为主,五价砷(As(V))为辅,As(III)/As(V)的平均值为0.39±0.03.有机砷以二甲基胂酸(DMAs(V))为主,所有样品均未检出甲基胂酸(MMAs(V)).总砷(As_T)、As(III)、As(V)和DMAs(V)的年平均浓度分别为6.90、0.99、3.20和0.03 ng·m~(-3).PM_(2.5)中的砷浓度具有明显季节变化:总砷和As(V)最大浓度出现在冬季,As(III)最大浓度出现在夏季,DMAs(V)只在夏季出现.T检验表明:As(III)、总砷和DMAs(V)年平均浓度在城区和郊区之间存在显著差异.空间变异系数的计算结果表明DMAs(V)的空间变化最大,其空间变异系数为0.6.总砷和3种水溶性砷年平均浓度由大到小排列为:农村郊区城区.道路采样点和城市背景点的总砷年平均浓度比为0.92,说明城区交通源对PM_(2.5)中砷污染的贡献不明显.As(III)和As(V)的主要排放源可能为燃煤电厂和钢铁冶炼厂,而DMAs(V)可能主要来源于生物挥发产物的二次生成.     

大连海域入海污染源中PFASs的赋存、输入通量和季节特征

本文对大连海域入海河流和入海排污口中19种PFASs和2种PFOS新型替代品Cl-PFESAs进行了分析,估算其入海通量,并分析了季节变化特征.结果表明,研究区域入海河流中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 85～757 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为74. 7 ng·L~(-1)),与国内外其他河流相比,大连海域入海河流中总PFASs的含量处于中等或较低水平;入海排污口中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 19～801 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为29. 5 ng·L~(-1)).入海河流和入海排污口中PFASs的主要贡献要素为PFOS和PFOA,其中入海河流、市政污水和污水处理厂出水中总PFASs含量未发现明显的季节差异特征,但工业废水中冬季含量显著高于夏季.计算结果显示,大连海域总PFASs入海通量约123 g·d~(-1)(44. 7 kg·a~(-1)),入海河流和入海排污口的贡献相当.全氟/多氟醚类磺酸化合物(Cl-PFESAs)检出率较低,其中8∶2Cl-PFESA均为检出.     

PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Beijing: Seasonal variations, sources, and risk assessment

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) have been of health concern due to its carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. In this study, we aimed to assess the variations, sources, and lifetime excessive cancer risk(ECR) attributable to PAHs bound to ambient particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm(PM_(2.5)) in metropolitan Beijing, China. We collected24-hour integrated PM_(2.5) samples on daily basis between November 2014 and June 2015 across both central heating(cold months) and non-heating(warm months) seasons, and further analyzed the PAH components in these daily PM_(2.5) samples. Our results showed that total concentrations of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs varied between(88.6 ± 75.4) ng/m~3 in the cold months and(11.0 ± 5.9) ng/m~3 in the warm months. Benzo[a]pyrene(Ba P), the carcinogenic marker of PAHs,averaged at 5.7 and 0.4 ng/m~3 in the cold and warm months, respectively. Source apportionment analyses illustrated that gasoline, biomass burning, diesel, coal combustion and cooking were the major contributors, accounting for 12.9%, 17.8%, 24.7%, 24.3% and 6.4% of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs, respectively. The BaP equivalent lifetime ECR from inhalation of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs was 16.2 cases per million habitants. Our results suggested that ambient particulate reduction from energy reconstruction and adaption of clean fuels would result in reductions PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs and its associated cancer risks. However, as only particulate phased PAHs was analyzed in the present study, the concentration of ambient PAHs could be underestimated.     

华中地区供水水库抗生素抗性基因的季节变化及影响因素

为明确华中地区饮用水水源地抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）的赋存特征,本研究选取了11个大型饮用水水源地,分别于2019年秋季和2020年夏季对整合子基因intI1和19个ARGs进行了定量.结果表明,水库环境中ARGs的丰度并不随时间产生明显变化.四环素类、磺胺类及β-内酰胺类耐药基因是华中地区供水水库的优势基因.选取的2种磺胺类ARGs sul1及sul2丰度和检出率均处于较高水平,表明这两种基因是水库环境的优势基因.耐多粘菌素基因mcr-1并未检出,表明我国抗生素限用政策已取得一定效果.与其他环境介质相比,水库环境中ARGs丰度处于较低水平.相关性分析结果显示水质指标与ARGs有一定相关性,表明水质指标可以成为水库环境中ARGs污染的指示指标.由于碳青霉烯类抗生素用量受到严格限制及其易降解的特性,其相应ARGs丰度及检出率均较低;四环素类耐药基因与其他类耐药基因关系密切,基因的水平转移可能是导致该现象的重要因素;intI1虽然整体上与ARGs相关性不强,但仍可能是导致水库环境中个别基因传播扩散的重要因素.     

松桃河流域氨氮和锰污染特征及生态风险评价

以地处"锰三角"核心区的松桃河流域为研究对象,应用统计学方法对2011～2019年松桃河流域17个监测断面的18个水质指标进行统计分析,重点研究松桃河流域主要污染物氨氮和锰污染特征、时空变异及来源解析,利用商值法、安全阈值法对松桃河流域氨氮和锰的生态风险进行评价.结果表明:松桃河流域主要受到氨氮和锰污染,两者在P<0....