上海世博园后滩湿地桡足类群落特征及其对环境因子的响应

上海世博园后滩湿地是中国2010年上海世界博览会规划区的重点项目.于2009年9月～2010年8月研究了桡足类群落结构的时空变化特征.运用SPSS 18.0软件进行相关统计分析,并利用CANOCO 4.5软件对桡足类数据和环境因子数据进行典范对应分析(CCA).全年共鉴定出桡足类23种,隶属于6科11属.优势种为锯缘真剑水蚤(Eucyclops serrulatus)、台湾温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops taihokuensis)、广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)、短尾温剑水蚤(T.brevifurcatus)和跨立小剑水蚤(Microcyclops varicans).桡足类年均密度和生物量分别为(8.6±16.6)ind.L-1、(0.083 6±0.143 1)mg·L-1.现存量主高峰均出现在7月,次高峰均出现在10月,1月达到最低.1号站点的营养水平最高,沿着水流方向逐渐下降,直至10号站点降至最低.桡足类的Margelf指数呈现夏秋季高,春冬季低的变化格局.通过典范对应分析表明,水温、pH、硝态氮、总氮、总磷和溶解氧是影响世博园后滩湿地桡足类群落结构时空变化的主要环境因子.     

吕梁市PM2.5中多环芳烃的来源解析及健康风险评价

为探索吕梁地区PM_2.5中多环芳烃的季节变化、健康风险和潜在来源,于2018年10月23日至2019年7月1日对离石区(市区)和孝义市(郊区)进行PM_2.5样品采集,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了14种多环芳烃浓度.总多环芳烃的浓度年均值为95.50 ng·m^-3,主要以5～6环为主(49.7%),3环占比较低(8.3%);吕梁市多环芳烃浓度呈现冬季>秋季>春季>夏季的季节性变化规律,市区浓度年均值(130.47 ng·m^-3)高于郊区(84.4 ng·m^-3);增量终身致癌风险和蒙特卡洛模拟结果均表明吕梁市多环芳烃毒性服从成人>青年>儿童的规律,除夏季外,离石区增量终身致癌风险值均在10^-6～10^-4之间,远高于孝义市,表明市区存在较高的多环芳烃潜在风险;通过采用特征比值法和正定矩阵因子分解模型表明,吕梁市多环芳烃主要来自于煤和生物质的燃烧(61.9%)和机动车尾气排放(38.1%),由后...     

Occurrence, profiles, and ecotoxicity of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in global apex predators: A critical review

Certain poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exhibit significant bioaccumulation/biomagnification behaviors in ecosystems. PFASs, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and related precursors, have elicited attention from both public and national regulatory agencies, which has resulted in worldwide restrictions on their production and use. Apex predators occupy the top trophic positions in ecosystems and are most affected by the biomagnification behavior of PFASs. Meanwhile, the long lifespans of apex predators also lead to the high body burden of PFASs. The high body burden of PFASs might be linked to adverse health effects and even pose a potential threat to their reproduction. As seen in previous reviews of PFASs, knowledge is lacking between the current stage of the PFAS body burden and related effects in apex predators. This review summarized PFAS occurrence in global apex predators, including information on the geographic distribution, levels, profiles, and tissue distribution, and discussed the trophic transfer and ecotoxicity of PFASs. In the case where legacy PFASs were restricted under international convention, the occurrence of novel PFASs, such as 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS), in apex predators arose as an emerging issue. Future studies should develop an effective analytical method and focus on the toxicity and trophic transfer behavior of novel PFASs.     

南北向街谷内热不稳定流场日变化规律的模拟研究

城市街谷内热不稳定流动是促进污染物扩散的重要影响因素之一.本文基于街谷内热平衡分析,结合大涡模拟方法,研究了一个南北走向的城市街谷内温度、风场的日变化特征,并分析了壁面对流换热及长波辐射对街谷内环境的影响.结果显示:壁面对流换热是影响街谷内温度、风场的主要因素,而长波辐射的影响非常小,长波辐射引起街谷内空气温度升高不足对流换热影响的10％,而其对平均风速和脉动量的影响更是在2％和1％以内;街谷内空气温度从早上开始逐渐增加,到15:00的时候达到最大,可达311 K(38℃);上午时段,迎风面壁面热浮力减弱街谷内风速,街谷底部和迎风墙侧的脉动量根均方值较大,而下午时段街谷顶部的脉动量根均方值达到最大.街谷内不同位置和不同时段内,通过建筑材料选择和表面结构设计,适当调控建筑壁面的温度,可以促进街谷内温度分布和空气流通改善.     

Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10^?7 to 5.75 × 10^?5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.     

浙江省2013~2020年人为源氨排放清单

采用排放因子法建立了浙江省2013~2020年人为源NH₃排放清单,利用ArcGIS软件对NH₃排放量进行空间分配,并与浙江省部分城市PM_2.5组分中的NH₄⁺浓度进行对比,探究了人为源NH₃排放对NH₄⁺浓度变化的影响.结果表明,2013~2020年浙江省人为源NH₃排放量呈逐年下降趋势,2020年人为源NH₃排放量为13.5万t,较2013年下降23.1%.人为源NH₃排放以农业源为主,2013~2020年占比分布在57.2%~69.6%,其中畜禽养殖和氮肥施用NH₃排放量占比较高,且2020年排放量较2013年下降最为显著,分别为34.5%、44.1%.从空间分布来看,NH₃排放较高的地区主要分布在浙江北部和金衢盆地地区,杭州市和嘉兴市年排放量位于全省前两位.NH₃排放量较高的城市NH₄⁺浓度也较高,部分城市NH₄⁺浓度下降趋势与NH₃排放量下降趋势较为一致.     

利用CDOM吸收系数估算博斯腾湖水体表层DOC浓度

基于2021年夏秋两季西部干旱区博斯腾湖表层50个采样点位实测数据,通过对DOC特征的统计学分析、内外源因素影响的时空差异以及电导率相关性验证,将博斯腾湖划分为河口和非河口区域.然后以CDOM特征波长吸收系数a₂₅₀和a₃₆₅为自变量,以DOC浓度（c_DOC）为因变量,分别构建了基于CDOM的河口和非河口水域DOC浓度估算模型.结果表明：河流与湖泊进行水体交换的同时,会将大量陆源DOC输送到博斯腾湖中,使得河口区域DOC浓度明显高于非河口区域（t-tests,P<0.01）,河口区域的DOC浓度（c_DOC）约是非河口区域的2.2~2.3倍,且在河口区域c_DOC与电导率呈现显著相关关系（夏季：R²=0.81,P<0.01;秋季：R²=0.84,P<0.01）.本文构建拟合模型（c_DOC=α+β·α₂₅₀+γ·α₃₆₅）,并通过交叉验证的方法来检验模型精度.将夏季和秋季同区域数据统一建模,河口和非河口区域CDOM与DOC均存在较好的相关关系,且模型精度较高（河口区域：R²=0.60,RMSE=8.56%;非河口区域：R²=0.66,RMSE=8.77%）.本文所建立的模型可以在不增加环境因子变量的前提下提高精度,有利于实现卫星遥感反演.同时,本研究揭示了河流输入对博斯腾湖DOC分布和估算的时空影响,提出可利用CDOM估算DOC浓度,但需根据水文特征和c_DOC等因素区分河口和非河口区域.本研究对实现新疆水资源合理开发、有效保护以及综合治理提供科学依据,对我国西部干旱区湖泊DOC遥感动态监测具有重要意义.     

Seasonal variations, temperature dependence, and sources of size-resolved PM components in Nanjing, east China

Size-segregated ambient particulate matter (PM) samples were collected seasonally in suburban Nanjing of east China from 2016 to 2017 and chemically speciated. In both fine (< 2.1 µm, PM_2.1) and coarse (> 2.1 µm, PM_>2.1) PM, organic carbon (OC) accounted for the highest fractions (26.9% ± 10.9% and 23.1% ± 9.35%) of all measured species, and NO₃⁻ lead in average concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs). The size distributions of measured components were parameterized using geometric mean diameter (GMD). GMD values of NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, OC, and PM for the whole size range varied from < 2.1 µm in winter to > 2.1 μm in warm seasons, which was due to the fact that the size distributions of semi-volatile components (e.g., NH₄NO₃, NH₄Cl, and OC) had a dependency on the ambient temperature. Unlike OC, elemental carbon (EC), and elements, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and SO₄²⁻ exhibited an increase trend in GMD values with relative humidity, indicating that the hygroscopic growth might also play a role in driving seasonal changes of PM size distributions. Positive matrix factorization was performed using compositional data of fine and coarse particles, respectively. The secondary formation of inorganic salts contributing to the majority (> 70%) of fine PM and 20.2% ± 19.9% of speciated coarse PM. The remaining coarse PM content was attributed to a variety of dust sources. Considering that coarse and fine PM had comparable mass concentrations, more attention should be paid to local dust emissions in future air quality plans.     

2017年华北平原采暖季和非采暖季道路PM10污染特征和健康风险评估——以济南市为例

由于污染程度较重和其所携带的大量毒性成分,大气颗粒物对人体健康具有重要影响。根据济南市51个道路颗粒物监测点PM₁₀数据,讨论了采暖季和非采暖季道路PM₁₀的浓度水平和健康风险。结果表明：（1）道路PM₁₀的平均浓度是城市背景站点的1.5倍,道路PM₁₀浓度水平主要受车流量和道路施工活动的影响。由于燃煤量的增加,采暖季的PM₁₀平均浓度是非采暖季的1.3倍。（2）从空间变化来看,这些道路站点可以分为三类,其中第二类由于受建筑活动和交通源影响,PM₁₀浓度最高,第一类由于具有绿化带和好的周围环境,PM₁₀浓度最低。（3）从时间变化来看,在非采暖季,周六浓度最高,周二浓度最低;在采暖季,周四浓度最高,周六和周二浓度最低。PM₁₀较高浓度出现在早晚,与交通源密切相关。（4）除了非采暖季PM₁₀对成年人没有健康风险,其他情况下,PM₁₀均有健康风险。     

南京亚微米级颗粒物化学组成的季节变化、粒径分布和来源

于2016～2017年不同季节在南京大学仙林校区采集分粒径的颗粒物样品,分析了粒径≤1.1μm颗粒物(PM_1.1;<0.4、0.4～0.7和0.7～1.1μm)中水溶性离子、碳质组分和元素的浓度.结果表明,受当地扩散条件以及热不稳定组分在高温下挥发分解的影响,PM_1.1、 OC、 NO^-₃、 SO₄^2-和NH⁺₄浓度均表现出秋冬高、春夏低的特点.而元素碳在春季因工业和道路扬尘贡献的升高达到最大浓度[(1.87±0.98)μg·m^-3].根据丰量组分间的特征比值,南京PM_1.1中的阴离子由NO^-₃、 SO₄^2-和Cl^-主导,碳质组分主要来自化石燃料燃烧及老化过程.随着温度的升高,热不稳定组分NH⁺₄、 NO