降雨过程后北京城区PM2.5日时空变化研究

随着人类环境意识的增强,人们对城市雾霾天气的忧虑与日俱增,PM2.5的时空变化和对人体健康的影响已成为关注的焦点。以往的研究多集中在不同季节或年际的变化,本文通过统计环保局发布的位于北京城区13个逐时浓度监测点降雨前后PM2.5质量浓度,并在城区布设14个采样点昼夜连续监测一次降雨后72 h内PM2.5质量浓度变化情况,研究北京市城区降雨后PM2.5日变化规律及空间分布特征,由此分析降雨对PM2.5日变化规律的影响。同时对比PM2.5与同步气象数据（温度、相对湿度）和交通数据（车辆量、车速）最值频率分布情况,进而对PM2.5日变化特征进行成因分析。随后利用GIS空间分析方法,分析了PM2.5的日空间分布特征。结果表明,降雨对颗粒物的去除作用明显,一次降雨可使PM2.5质量浓度平均下降56.3%。雨后72 h内PM2.5质量浓度均小于60μg·m-3,降雨后1 h内PM2.5质量浓度处于稳定状态,在随后的12 h内PM2.5浓度值都处于下降状态。降雨过程只降低PM2.5的质量浓度值,并不影响其日变化规律。PM2.5的日变化规律以19时为界,表现出明显的昼夜差异。白天的变化规律呈现凹型,夜间的变化规律呈现拱型。PM2.5质量浓度峰值多出现在23时或0时,谷值多出现在下午15时,该特征受气象因素影响较大,受交通源的影响作用不明显。早高峰期间,PM2.5质量浓度变化主要受交通源的影响;晚高峰期间,交通源和气象因素共同影响PM2.5质量浓度。研究区PM2.5日空间分布特征同样存在明显的昼夜差异。白天PM2.5空间分布特征为南部高北部低;PM2.5在夜间的空间分布特征则多表现为四周高、中心低,三环外围区域多为高值区。     

深圳市道路交通源温室气体排放特征分析

于2019年9月～2020年7月对深圳市福田区路边的大气CO2、CH4、N2O和CO浓度进行了观测分析.结果显示,其观测时段平均浓度分别为(430.8±6.1)×10-6、(2318.5±137.9)×10-9、(332.6±1.6)×10-9和(333.4±121.2)×10-9.CO2与CO浓度的季节变化表现为冬季...     

Transferral of HMs pollution from road-deposited sediments to stormwater runoff during transport processes

Ratio of turbidity and TSS (Tur/TSS) was used to characterize PSD of stormwater particles. Pb and Zn preferred to accumulate in finer RDS, while Cu, Cr and Ni in coarser RDS. HMs pollution in stormwater particles increased linearly with Tur/TSS. Dissolvability of HMs and PSD variations contribute to the differences between RDS and stormwater. Stormwater runoff, derived from the wash-off of road-deposited sediments (RDS), contains elevated heavy metal (HM) concentrations and, thus, imposes an increasing threat to urban aquatic ecosystems. In-depth understanding of the variations of HMs pollution from RDS to stormwater during transport processes facilitates the development of effective RDS and stormwater control strategies. Toward this end, the distribution of HMs (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni) in RDS and stormwater were investigated simultaneously. The results show a preferential accumulation of Pb and Zn in the finer (<38.5 μm) RDS, and Cu, Cr and Ni in the coarser (38.5–150 μm) RDS. For stormwater, n.d.~48.6% of HMs fractionated into the dissolved phase, and stormwater particles constitute the primary carriers of HMs. Furthermore, the accumulation of HMs in stormwater particles increased linearly with finer particle size distributions (PSD). Geoaccumulation index (I_geo) highlighted the predominant pollution of both RDS and stormwater particles by Cu, Pb and Zn. Nonetheless, Cu, Pb, and Ni mostly contributed the potential ecological risk of RDS, whereas Cu, Pb, and Zn mainly contributed that of stormwater particles. Moreover, contamination by Cu, Pb and Zn was significantly higher in stormwater particles than that in RDS. These differences are attributable to the solubility and size-dependent accumulation of HMs in RDS, as well as the PSD variations during transport processes. The study outcomes highlight the importance of very fine (nano- and submicron- scale) RDS in stormwater pollution and the necessity of control.     

我国地表水溶解氧时空变化及其对全球变暖的响应

溶解氧是衡量地表水环境质量的重要指标.为科学实施水污染防治和水生态系统修复,系统解析了我国近十五年不同区域溶解氧的时空变化特征,探讨了全球变暖对不同区域饱和溶解氧的影响.结果表明：①受海拔和温度影响,全国饱和溶解氧浓度存在显著的区域差异性,根据饱和溶解氧浓度将全国划分为3个区域,分别为北部高饱和溶解氧区、南部低饱和溶解氧区及中部饱和溶解氧过渡区;②2018年全国溶解氧浓度和饱和度达到I类水质的比例分别为72%和20.5%,冬季冰封期阻碍大气复氧的区域,不宜采用溶解氧饱和度对溶解氧进行评价;Mann-Kendall法分析表明,全国河流溶解氧浓度2010年下半年开始显著提高,人口密集、经济发达、工业化及水体盐度高和流速低是引起珠江及辽河入海口、长江下游溶解氧偏低的主要原因;③气候变化背景下,温度敏感的低温低海拔地区饱和溶解氧浓度下降最明显;到21世纪末,SSP5-8.5和SSP1-1.9情境下饱和溶解氧浓度将分别下降1.3 mg·L^-1和0.01 mg·L^-1,为适应全球变暖,需要加大污染物减排力度,保障水生态安全.     

南京北郊秋季高污染大气背景下云凝结核活化特性研究

于2019年10月17日—11月16日在南京北郊地区,采用SMPS-CCNC联用的方式,对8.2~346 nm的气溶胶粒子展开了粒径分辨的CCN活化特征观测.根据PM_2.5浓度范围选取了清洁天和污染天进行分析发现,在高污染大气背景下,由于有机物浓度及占比较高,无机盐浓度较低,故CCN活化率低于清洁天.清洁天SOA组分占比较高,其大气氧化经历更长,氧化态更高,吸湿参数κ也更高;污染天在受到直接排放的影响下,大气氧化经历短,氧化态较低,POA占比相对较高,所以清洁天的吸湿参数κ大于污染天κ(0.28±0.07>0.24±0.09).清洁天的f₄₄平均值为0.14±0.02,污染天的f₄₄平均值为0.12±0.02,进一步表明清洁天的有机气溶胶氧化态更高.因此,高污染大气背景下由于大气中存在很多受排放影响的积聚模态的气溶胶,含有很多低吸湿性物质,降低了CCN的活化能力和吸湿性.     

Short-term effect of temperature variation on the competition between PAOs and GAOs during acclimation period of an EBPR system

Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes was used to investigate the impact of the temperature shock on the competition between phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) in start-up stage. During the 34 days operation, SBR was set with temperature variation(0–5 d, 22±1°C; 6–13 d, 29±1°C; 14–34 d, 14±1°C). PAOs and GAOs were analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and intracellular polyphosphate granules were stained by Neisser-stain. The results showed that the influence of temperature shock on PAOs’ abundance was more serious than that on GAOs in the enriching process. Under sudden and substantially temperature variation, from 22±1°C to 29±1°C and then to 14±1°C, the domination of PAOs was deteriorated. After temperature shock, PAOs’ competitive advantages at low temperature that concluded in other study did not appear in our study. As mesophilic, GAOs (indicated by Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) were more temperature adaptive and better grew and took the domination at 14±1°C in the end. In the competition process, organisms of tetrad forming organisms (TFOs)-like shape which were considered as typical GAOs, were observed. With the evidence of poly-P granules containing by Neisser-straining and result of FISH, these organisms of TFOs-like shape were better to be assumed as adaption state or a special self-protecting shape of PAOs.     

中国东部典型森林生态系统蒸散及其组分变异规律研究

森林蒸散包括植被蒸腾、土壤蒸发、冠层截留蒸发三个组分,在陆地生态系统水分循环及能量流动研究中占有重要地位。论文基于Priestley-Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory Model （PT-JPL）模型,估算温带针阔混交林、人工常绿针叶林、亚热带常绿阔叶林三个典型森林生态系统2003-2008年蒸散（组分）;在模拟结果基础上揭示了蒸散（组分）的季节变异规律及主控因子。结果表明：①PT-JPL模型在中国东部森林生态系统蒸散及其组分估算中具有较高的稳定性和可靠性;②蒸散（组分）季节变化特征明显,不同森林生态系统类型变化规律差异较小,但主控因子存在较大差异：温带针阔混交林蒸散和植被蒸腾季节变异主要由净辐射和增强植被指数（EVI）共同控制,而亚热带人工常绿针叶林和亚热带常绿阔叶林主要受净辐射影响;EVI和饱和水汽压差（VPD）是土壤蒸发季节变异的主控因子,截留蒸发的季节变化则主要受VPD影响。     

东江流域水利工程对流域地表水文过程影响模拟研究

东江流域为香港及广州等特大城市的重要水源地,新丰江、枫树坝与白盆珠三大水库对东江全流域水资源有控制性调蓄作用,加上人类活动影响,导致东江流域地表径流发生显著变异.研究分析东江流域上中下游水利工程建成前、后径流在时间与空间的变异特征,对水利工程与人类活动影响的东江流域水资源管理提供重要依据.基于此,选取多元线性回归、神经网络与支持向量机等模型模拟水利工程建成前的径流变化,研究认为:①神经网络为水利工程建成后径流变化模拟的最优模型;②水利工程建成后,流域径流变异特征分两阶段:1974-1982年流域水文变异不显著,水利工程影响不大;1983-2000 年径流变异显著,水利工程削峰填谷作用明显;③东江流域龙川、岭下、博罗站水文变化均受水利工程调蓄影响,但影响程度各异:博罗站水文变化受水利工程影响最大,岭下站次之,龙川站受影响最小.另外,在水利工程调蓄作用影响下,东江流域月径流变化幅度趋于平坦,在一定程度上降低了洪水风险及减少了极端气候条件对东江流域水资源供给造成的负面影响.     

基于GIS的华北某市潜层地下水总硬度变化趋势分析

随着城市化进程的不断加快,城市潜层地下水水质逐渐变差。研究以华北地区某重点城市为研究对象,基于Arc GIS平台研究分析了该市1980年、1990年、2000年和2010年4个时间点的地下水总硬度时空变异特征。研究结果显示:研究区在1980—2010年间潜水总硬度高浓度区域大幅增加,地下水水质变差趋势非常明显。老城区地下水总硬度经历了1980—1990年迅速上升和1990年后稳中有降两个阶段;拓展区潜水总硬度总体上呈现先缓后急的上升趋势。     

基于定位栏试验的奶牛粪便中雌激素含量特征

为探究奶牛粪便中雌激素含量特征,采用定位栏试验收集奶牛粪便样,采用超高效液相色谱串联(UPLC-MS/MS)法对粪便中4种天然雌激素(雌酮;17α-雌二醇,17β-雌二醇,雌三醇)和2种人工合成雌激素(17a-炔雌醇,己烯雌酚)的含量进行测定,结果表明:6种雌激素的检出率居于8.33％～98.89％之间,4种天然雌激素...