时变条件下的有害物品运输的人口风险分析

随着工业的发展 ,有害物品运输量在逐年增加 ,有害物品对于人类威胁也在加大 ,有害物品运输的风险问题受到了广泛的关注。由于有害物品运输中 ,路径周围的人口密度随着时间的变化而变化 ,进而影响在运输过程中的人口风险。笔者在有时变情况下 ,对有害物品运输人口风险进行了分析 ;建立了估计人口风险的模型 ;获得了有害物品运输中的最小人口风险以及最佳出发时间 ;进一步完善了有害物品的运输的风险分析 ;为如何减少有害物品运输的人口风险提供了依据。     

半经验生物滴滤器模型研究

生物滴滤(BTF)净化有机废气是一个复杂的过程,其数学模型往往形式繁琐、参数众多,实际应用比较困难.半经验生物滴滤模型是基于生物酶促反应基本原理(米-门方程),并在含苯废气的生物滴滤净化动态实验和生物膜静态实验等研究的基础上建立和完善的一个应用模型.为了符合生物滴滤器内的实际状况,在建模过程中引入了微生物质量浓度沿床层深度变化的函数等合理假设.模型的检验采用将静态实验所得参数代入模型计算,并与生物滴滤动态实验结果进行对比的方法.检验结果表明:在较宽的负荷、表观过滤气速范围内,该模型对滴滤器的模拟值均较符合实验值.该模型的数学形式简单,参数也较少,且主要参数,如生物膜最大净化速率,K值及微生物质量浓度分布等均可通过生物膜静态实验测得.      

三峡库区填埋场和焚烧厂渗滤液水质季节性差异

分析了重庆长生桥垃圾填埋场和同兴焚烧厂渗滤液在常规水质和溶解性有机质组成结构方面的季节性差异. 结果表明,填埋场渗滤液在夏季的ρ(COD_Cr), ρ(TOC), ρ(BOD₅),ρ(BOD₅)/ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(VFA)均高于其他季节,相应指标在冬季最低,但ρ(NH₃-N)和 pH的季节性差异不明显. 填埋场渗滤液中DOM组成结构的季节性差异较大,表现在冬季渗滤液中HA所占比例最高,为16.1%,而春、夏季分别为6.6%和8.1%;冬季渗滤液中HyI所占比例最低,为32.7%,其他季节为41.9%～43.5%;ρ(FA)的季节性差异相对较小. 填埋场中ρ(FA)/ρ(HA)的季节性差异较大,夏季较高,冬季较小. 焚烧厂渗滤液的常规水质,DOM的构成及ρ(FA)/ρ(HA)的季节性差异均很小.      

Experimental support for the use of egg uniformity in parasite egg discrimination by cuckoo hosts

Common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) parasitism drastically reduces the reproductive success of their hosts and selects for host discrimination of cuckoo eggs. In a second stage of anti-parasite adaptation, once cuckoos can lay eggs that mimic those of their hosts, a high uniformity of host egg appearance within a clutch may favour cuckoo egg discrimination. Comparative evidence provides indirect support for this hypothesis although experimental support is currently lacking. Here, we studied the effect of experimentally decreased uniformity of host egg appearance on cuckoo egg discrimination by great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) hosts in a population in which long-term cuckoo parasitism has led to high levels of cuckoo–host egg mimesis. We manipulated host clutch uniformity by adding extra spots to fresh host eggs just after they were laid. Rejection of non-mimetic experimental eggs added to these nests was compared with those in control nests in which uniformity was not altered. Previously, by over-painting real spots in a control group of nests, we showed a negligible effect of our paints on hosts’ perception of their eggs. We show that for the great reed warbler, non-mimetic experimental eggs were relatively more tolerated in experimental nests, i.e. with lower uniformity (40%) than in control nests (5%). This is the first experimental study, to our knowledge, which demonstrates a reduced discrimination of foreign eggs as a consequence of an increase of egg phenotypes variation perception in a cuckoo host.     

复合垂直流人工湿地基质氧化还原酶活性研究

对复合垂直流人工湿地系统(IVCW)基质中5种常见的氧化还原酶活性进行了研究.结果表明,氧化还原酶活性存在显著性季节差异,过氧化物酶在春、夏、秋三季的酶活性显著高于冬季的酶活性(P＜0.05);多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性最高在秋季;脱氢酶在夏、冬两季时酶活性显著高于秋季和春季的酶活性(P＜0.05);硝酸盐还原酶在春、冬季时显著高于夏、秋季(P＜0.01).空间分布上,除过氧化物酶外,湿地下行流池的酶活性显著高于上行流池,并且随着基质深度的增加递减;但基质硝酸盐还原酶各层之间差异不显著.图6表3参17     

Methodological approach of coastal areas concerning typology and spatial indicators, in the context of integrated management and environmental assessment

The general objective of this paper is to trigger off the development of a more comprehensive approach to Hellenic coastal areas (in the perspective of territorial cohesion), at local level and especially along the non-urban areas close to the sea. Methodological issues linked to the building of an appropriate coastal database constitute the key goal of this paper (the space and time scale, the relationship to the already proposed set of indicators, the impact of driving forces and policies, the possible sources of data and their feasibility etc.). Furthermore, specific emphasis should be given to the choice of new indicators, particularly for the coastal abiotic environment and the land cover/uses along coastal areas, especially near the seafront. Those indicators should be able to aid the formation (in the near future) of an algorithm linked to the total man-made activities in coastal areas. In conclusion, this paper will be considered successful if the just above illustrated objectives could enrich the argument about the typology of coastal areas and the development of a spatial (coastal) observatory. Actually, this paper is part of a broader research of the author regarding the monitoring of coastal spatial changes in different scales (AMICA, “Appraisal of man-made interventions along the Hellenic coastal areas”). This research aims to broaden the coastal knowledge (not only by means of coastal data) on behalf of all stakeholders been implicated into sustainable spatial planning, integrated coastal management and the strategic environmental assessment along coastal areas.

近50 a长江流域暴雨日数时空变化分析

利用1961~2010年长江流域逐日降水资料和DEM数据,结合Mann-Kendall趋势法、变差系数法以及GIS空间分析等方法,分析了近50 a长江流域年均暴雨日数时空变化特征。结果表明:长江流域年均暴雨日数基本呈自东向西递减的规律,且随着海拔升高,年均暴雨日数逐渐减少,两者呈显著负相关关系;长江流域上游高原气候影响区年均暴雨日数小于1 d;而中上游中亚热带湿润气候影响区大于2 d;随着纬度的增加,暴雨开始时间推迟,结束时间提前,持续时间减少;年暴雨日数的变差系数与年均暴雨日数满足幂指数关系,相关系数达0.97,为显著相关。表现为年均暴雨日数大(小)的地方,变差系数小(大);除长江中下游中部和四川盆地及其周边地区年暴雨日数为减少趋势外,其它地方均表现为不同程度的增加趋势。鄱阳湖水系、四川(雅安市、峨眉山市、万源市)、湖南(安化县、南岳区)、湖北(洪湖市、英山县)年暴雨日数多且变差系数小,洪水、泥石流等灾害压力巨大;为有关部门了解长江流域洪水等灾害的发生机制、提高灾害预测预报能力、制定防灾减灾政策等提供科学依据。     

武汉市土地集约利用时空分异及障碍因素诊断

运用主成分分析法、GIS方法分析武汉市1996~2010年土地集约利用的时空特征并对其进行障碍因素诊断。研究结果表明:1996~2010年武汉市的土地集约利用程度稳步上升。武汉市土地集约利用经济效益、社会效益和土地结构表现为汉口—武昌—汉阳—郊区圈层式递减分布特征,生态效益总体上表现为北高南低的特征,土地集约利用的投入水平呈现以江汉区为核心的圈层式递减分布特征,土地集约利用可持续指标表现为江北片-江南片梯度递减的空间分布特征。通过障碍因素诊断得出具体影响各区域土地集约利用程度提高的因素。     

青海湖湖水性质、颗粒物沉积通量季节和年际变化——来自沉积物捕获器的研究

本文通过在青海湖南盆沉积中心试验性放置的Mark 8-13型时间序列沉积物捕获器所收集到的为期15个月的自然沉降颗粒物,分析了颗粒物沉积通量和物质组成,结合温盐传感器（CTD）所记录湖水参数数据的分析,讨论了青海湖上部10 m左右湖水中所发生沉积作用的季节与年际变化特征及其与环境参数的相互关系。结果表明,采集期间所沉降的总颗粒物具有显著季节和年际变化特征,其平均年沉降通量为112 g·m^-2·yr^-1,其组成主要是自生碳酸盐（高Mg方解石、文石）、生物壳体（介形虫、硅藻等）等内生作用形成的物质,以及少量的碎屑矿物。与实时监测的湖水参数比较表明,具有显著季节和年际变化的青海湖内生物质通量变化主要受控于夏季温度的变化。其沉积机制为：湖水温度的升高,有利于高Mg方解石和文石等自生矿物从碳酸盐过饱和的碱性湖水中结晶沉淀（盐度降低）,也有利于藻类和介形虫等微体生物大量繁殖,表现为温度偏高的2010年比2011年具有较低的湖水盐度和高得多的沉积通量。因此,青海湖自生碳酸盐沉淀通量可以用来反映湖水盐度和/或温度的变化,尽管这些内生作用形成的物质可能只约占到湖底沉积物的5%~20%。为更全面地了解青海湖现代沉积过程,有必要在更多点位、不同的深度进行长期放置捕获器和实时监测湖水参数变化。     

Water quality evaluation of Haihe River with fuzzy similarity measure methods

Fuzzy similarity measures, which are used to judge the closeness of two fuzzy sets, are presented to evaluate the water quality of the Haihe River. Based on the membership functions and coefficient of variation as the weights, four fuzzy similarity measures （including Lattice similarity measure, Hamming similarity measure, Euclidean similarity measure and the max-min similarity measure） are used to classify the 299 samples into the proper water quality standard ranks. The results are compared with the traditional distance discriminant methods. The calculation of two traditional distance discriminant methods （both Euclidean distance and absolute value distance） is also based on the use of coefficients of variation as the weights. Without the Lattice similarity measure, for this method loses some information, the correct assignment of samples classified into the same water quality ranks is 75.92% with the other three similarity measures and two distance discriminant methods. This result shows the reliability of the five methods. Only considering the three similarity measures, there were only 1.01% of the samples that did not classify to the same ranks, while the corresponding ratio of the two distance discriminant methods was 5.69%. The results of leave-one-out cross validation show that more than 88% of the samples are classified to the proper ranks, which demonstrates that the similarity measures are suitable to evaluate the water quality of the Haihe River.