Ecological and Biological Features of Melic (Melica virgata Turch. ex Trin.) in Transbaikalia

The endangered species Melica virgata was studied with respect to geographic distribution, the recent state of cenopopulations, the characteristics of habitats, phytocenotic relationships, morphology, and specific ecological and physiological features. The data on the introduction, biochemical composition, and economic significance of M. virgata are presented, and measures aimed at species conservation are proposed.     

Ontogeny and Population: Developmental Stability and Population Variation

By definition, the ontogenetic and population organization levels are fundamentally different. Studies at these levels are traditionally independent. However, it becomes increasingly evident that special analysis of individuals in terms of ontogeny is necessary for correct estimation of populations and their spatiotemporal dynamics, as well as for understanding the mechanisms of population processes.     

Degree-day accumulation controlling allopatric and sympatric variations in the sociality of sweat bees, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lasioglossum</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Evylaeus</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">baleicum</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Halictine bees exhibit a wide range of social behaviour that varies both inter- and intraspecifically. Although previous studies suggested that the intraspecific variation might be attributed to temperature differences, there was no direct evidence to detect the relationships between temperature and socialities. Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) baleicum exhibited solitary behaviour in a cooler locality (Kawakita) because of the shorter breeding season; in a warmer locality (Nishioka Park), however, this bee species exhibited eusociality at sunny site and solitary behaviour at shady site, whereas a molecular phylogeny confirms that all of these colonies are evidently conspecific. Therefore, we examined the effect of degree-day accumulation on the sympatric social variation of L. baleicum by rearing the bees to calculate the threshold temperature. Whereas they showed high mortality, the threshold temperature was estimated to be 10.33°C and the expected degree-day accumulation was 340 degree days. When we use this value of a degree-day accumulation to estimate the expected eclosion date, the estimated dates were always consistent with observed eclosion dates. In any sites where the bees were solitary, the degree-day accumulation was not enough for the second eclosion by the end of the bee-active season. In Nishioka Park, sex ratio of the first brood was female biased, and daughters were smaller than mothers; in Kawakita, however, there was no sex bias, and daughters were as large as their mothers indicating that the foundresses seem to produce gyne-sized females in Kawakita but worker-sized females in Nishioka though these females do not become workers at shady site.     

Comparison of temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Ozone Pollution at Ground Level in the Eastern China

Abstract

Monitoring data from ozone(O₃ automatic stations in three typical cities with different climatic areas in the southern and northern parts of eastern China are used to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of ozone pollution at ground level. The results show that ozone pollution level has distinct regional differences and the concentration in the suburbs is higher than that in the urban areas. The seasonal variation of ozone concentration in different climatic areas is greatly affected by the variation of precipitation. Ozone concentration in Shenyang and Beijing, in the temperate zone, has one perennial peak concentration, occurring in early summer, May or June. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou, in sub-tropical zone, has two peak values year round. The highest values occur in October and the secondary high value in June. The ozone season in the south is longer than that in the north. The annual average daily peak value of ozone concentrations in different climates usually occur around 3 pm. The diurnal variation range of ozone concentration declines with the increase of latitude. Ozone concentration does not elevate with the increase of traffic flow. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou has a distinct reverse relation to CO and NO_x. This complicated non-linearity indicates that the equilibrium of ozone photochemical reaction has regional differences. Exceeding the rate of Beijing's 1h ozone concentration is higher than that of Guangzhou, whereas the average 8h ozone level is lower than that of Guangzhou, indicating that areas in low latitude are more easily affected by moderate ozone concentrations and longer exposure. Thus, China should work out standards for 8h ozone concentration.     

博罗县环境空气质量变化趋势浅析

本文以博罗县2005—2011年间的环境空气监测数据为依据,采用空气污染综合指数法评价大气环境质量,并运用Spearman秩相关系数预测未来发展趋势。结果表明：博罗县环境空气质量为优,主要污染物为二氧化氮,年日平均浓度呈上升趋势,不显著。     

福建省流域-近海溶解氧时空格局与低氧调控机制

溶解氧是衡量水环境质量和生态系统健康的关键参数,当前我国海岸带地区的低氧问题突出,但缺乏对流域-近海溶解氧时空格局与低氧调控机制的研究.基于2011~2020年福建省135个地表水（含河口）和66个近岸海域监测点位数据,系统分析了年际和季节两个时间尺度溶解氧的时空演变规律,选取低氧（溶解氧饱和度位于10%分位之内）站位数据,采用数理统计和随机森林模型分析方法,重点研究了河流、水库、河口和近海这4种类型水体的低氧特征及其调控机制.结果表明,溶解氧饱和度近海最高［（98.2±10.2）%］,河口最低［（79.2±17.9）%］.与"十二五"（2011~2015年）相比, "十三五" （2016~2020年）河流和水库的低氧检出频率有明显降低,但河口变化不大.统计有低氧检出的点位,河流和水库的多年平均低氧检出频率在秋季最高,河口在夏季最高.水库和河口低氧问题最为突出但机制不同,水库河段的低氧与夏季径流携带大量有机质输入、层化导致底层水持续耗氧、秋季混合上涌或通过大坝泄流有关,河口的低氧与污染输入、潮水顶托和还原性物质耗氧有关.需要建立系统治理与分区管控制度,进一步加强流域-近海污染控制有助于减缓水体富营养化和低氧问题.     

小型养殖塘水体中CH4、CO2和N2O浓度的时空变化特征及影响因素

养殖塘作为重要的温室气体排放源,水体中温室气体浓度的变化不仅是准确量化温室气体排放量的基础,还是明确其影响因素的重要依据.基于顶空平衡-气相色谱仪法对长三角一处典型的小型养殖塘水体中CH₄、CO₂和N₂ O浓度的时空变化特征以及影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,除春季外,在水温影响下,CH₄和N₂ O浓度在午间或午后出现高值;受水温和水生植物光合作用影响,CO₂浓度的高值出现在晨间光合作用较弱的时候.养殖塘水体中CH₄和CO₂浓度呈现秋季最高、冬季最低的季节变化特征,c（CH₄）在秋季和冬季的均值分别为176.34 nmol·L^-1和32.75 nmol·L^-1,主要受气温、水温和溶解氧（DO）影响;c（CO₂）秋季和冬季的均值分别为134.37 μmol·L^-1和23.10 μmol·L^-1,主要受水生植物光合作用和pH影响;c（N₂ O）在夏季最高,冬季最低,均值分别为97.05 nmol·L^-1和19.41 nmol·L^-1,主要受气温和水温影响.在空间上,垂直方向上,夏季养殖塘c（CH₄）随水深的加深而降低,表层与底层、中间层的浓度差值为71.28 nmol·L^-1和42.80 nmol·L^-1,秋季随水深的加深而升高,底层与表层的浓度差值为163.94 nmol·L^-1.c（CO₂）在夏季和秋季都表现为随着水深的加深而升高,其底层与表层的浓度差值分别为18.69 μmol·L^-1和29.90 μmol·L^-1.N₂ O浓度在垂直方向上无明显变化规律.水平方向上,夏季饲料及春季鸡粪投放的区域会出现CH₄、CO₂和N₂ O浓度的高值,春季和夏季CH₄浓度约为其他区域的1.34~1.98倍和1.95~2.42倍,春季N₂ O浓度和夏季CO₂浓度约为其他区域的1.13~1.26倍和1.39~1.74倍.     

分层充填开采煤层瓦斯运移方式及涌出规律研究*

为了探究使用分层充填法采煤过程中煤层瓦斯的运移方式及涌出规律,以高河煤矿E1302工作面为研究对象,采用实验室试验、理论分析、数值模拟相结合的方法建立数学模型,利用数值模拟软件对煤层瓦斯的运移方式及涌出规律进行求解。研究结果表明:使用分层充填法采煤时,充填体渗透率远大于煤体,下分层煤体中的瓦斯会以充填体为媒介向工作面涌入;开采过程中,工作面瓦斯压力随开采时间逐渐降低,开采30 d后,煤层最大瓦斯压力下降18.75％,最大瓦斯渗流速度始终位于充填体、工作面、下分层煤体交界处;工作面绝对瓦斯涌出量随着开采时间的推移呈波动式下降。     

Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the humidity index in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2020北大核心CSCD

Using the daily observation data of meteorological stations from 1961 to 2020, the monthly, seasonal, and annual scales of the humidity indices in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau over the past 60 years were calculated, and the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal trends of the humidity indices were analyzed. The results showed that in the past 60 years, the humidity indices of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have shown decreasing trends in most areas, and the most significant decreases were in the summer and autumn. The low-value areas of the humidity indices were mainly distributed in Xinjiang and western Tibet, and the high-value areas were mainly distributed in southeastern Tibet, western Yunnan, and the eastern edge of the western Sichuan Plateau. In terms of temporal trends, the average humidity index in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region has had a significant decreasing trend since the 1980s, and there were abrupt points in autumn and winter in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The annual, spring, and summer humidity indices had abrupt points in 2005. The decreasing trend rate of humidity index in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was 0.008 a-1 from 1961 to 2020. Significant decreasing trends were mainly distributed in southern and eastern Qinghai, Gansu, northern Sichuan Plateau, southwestern Sichuan, Yunnan, and eastern Tibet. In summary, the humidity index of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau showed a distribution characteristic of high in the southeast and low in the northwest and showed a significant decreasing trend from 1961 to 2020. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

基于图像感兴趣区域融合特征的PM2.5浓度预测方法

通过图像预测PM_2.5浓度的准确性,在很大程度上取决于模型所选用的特征参数。为丰富特征参数的表达,设计了一种基于图像传统特征与深度特征充分融合的PM_2.5浓度预测方法。首先,根据不同PM_2.5浓度下的成像差异,选定图像感兴趣区域,解决图像尺寸过大导致的模型运算效率较低问题。然后,针对所选取的局部图像,利用传统图像处理方法手动设计并提取图像浅表视觉特征,同时利用卷积神经网络自动提取图像深层语义特征。最后,将两种特征融合,交由卷积神经网络的全连接层实现对PM_2.5浓度的回归预测。预测误差比对结果显示,相比使用单种特征,使用融合特征能够有效提高模型的预测性能。