黄山山底大气气溶胶数浓度日变化

利用美国MSP公司生产的宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS)于2011年5月至9月在黄山山底(寨西)采集的气溶胶观测数据,分析了黄山山底大气气溶胶数浓度的日变化特征.结果表明晴天气溶胶数浓度日变化特征明显,气溶胶粒子总数浓度在6:00,12:00和18:00达到峰值.人为活动,湍流混合及山谷风是影响黄山山底气溶胶日变化的主要因素.剔除交通污染时段后,气溶胶粒子数平均浓度减少319个/cm3,即减少12.17%.其中,0.01~0.02μm,0.02~0.05μm,0.05~0.1μm,0.1~0.5μm,0.5~1.0μm,1.0~2.5μm粒径段气溶胶粒子数浓度分别降低了31.32%,20.29%,6.59%,7.49%,1.23%,2.51%.机动车尾气排放对0.01~0.05μm粒径段气溶胶的影响最明显,其气溶胶浓度降低百分比为25.81%.     

Nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter of Athens,Greece

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) are chemical species of proven mutant and carcinogenic activity. In this study, the concentrations of seven different N-PAHs [2-nitronaphthalene (2N-NAP), 2-nitroflourene (2N-FLU), 2-nitroflouranthene (2N-FLA), 3-nitroflouranthene (3N-FLA), 1-nitropyrene (1N-PYR) and 2-nitropyrene (2N-PYR)] were determined in two fractions of atmospheric particulate matter from the atmosphere of Athens: coarse (2.4 μm?10 μm ) and fine (<2.4 μm ). 3N-FLA was not detected, whereas 1N-PYR, mostly originating from emissions from burning fuel, showed the maximum observed concentrations for both fractions and for the whole experimental period (especially during winter). In addition, 2N-FLA, a secondary nitro-PAH produced by photochemical reactions, showed relatively high values. Analysis of statistical data for N-PAH concentrations, using clustering technique, showed that: (1) 1N-NAP, 2N-FLU and 1N-PYR are mainly produced by direct burning; and (2) photochemical reactions are the dominant sources of 2N-NAP, 2N-PYR and 2N-FLA.     

Spatial Variations of Heavy Metals in the East China Sea Continental Shelf Surface Sediments

Surface sediments collected from continental shelf of the East China Sea were analyzed for heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium), carbonate, organic carbon contents, and grain sizes. the range of concentrations observed were iron: 0.3-1.3 wt%, manganese: 2.3-14 μmole/g, copper: 7.1-184 μmole/g, zinc: 0.16-0.77μmiole/g, lead: 15-98 μmole/g, cadmium: 0.17-3.9 μmole/g, carbonate: 3.6-87 wt%, sand: 10-100%, silt: 0-70% and clay: 0-50%.

A zonal distribution pattern of the heavy metals was found in the East China Sea Continental shelf sediments. High concentrations of most heavy metals, organic carbon and fine-grained sediments were observed in the inner shelf zone, especially those near the discharge of the Yangtze River. Concentrations of these heavy metals decreased from the inner shelf to the shelf break region. High concentrations of metals were also found in sediments near Taiwan. Iron concentrations decreased north-east of the central shelf region. High concentrations of cadmium were found in the shelf break region where biogenic carbonate is predominant. This study showed that biogenic carbonate in the East China Sea shelf break region and the terrigenous sediments from the Yangtze River and island of Taiwan were the major sources of heavy metals. Heavy metal concentrations were strongly influenced by the content of the coarse-grained quartz sand present in the sediments.     

Total petroleum hydrocarbon burden in fish tissues from the Arabian Gulf

The levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and lipid contents have been reported for eight commercially important fish species from the Arabian Gulf. GC-FID has been used as quantification technique. Out of the species analyzed, Scarus ghabon showed the highest level of TPH (7.4 ± 3.2 µg g^?1) in the muscle tissue followed by Epinephelus tauvina (6.8 ± 3.6 µg g^?1). Except for E. microdon (4.8 ± 2.1 µg g^?1), all other fish species showed a similar level of TPH concentration. Significant correlations were obtained between lipid contents and TPH levels in the muscles of the fish. Body weight of the fish was also found to be strongly correlated with TPH concentration in the muscle tissue. There is a tendency of accumulating higher TPH in the winter season as compared to in the summer season.     

宁夏六盘山8种木本植被的叶片水分利用效率

为了解宁夏六盘山地区主要树种的叶片水分利用效率（WUE）的种间和水分生境差异及季节变化,2010年6-9月份在宁夏六盘山具有半湿润气候和较多树种的香水河小流域和具有半干旱气候及较少树种的叠叠沟小流域,选择8个主要树种测定其叶片的 WUE。结果表明,（1）在香水河小流域,树种叶片 WUE 大小排序为油松 Pinus tablaeformis＞山桃 Prunus davidiana＞沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides＞辽东栎Quercus liaotungensis＞华北落叶松Larix principris-rupprechtii＞华山松Pinus armandii＞少脉椴Tilia paucicostata＞白桦Betula platyphylla;在不同生活型之间,叶片WUE的大小排序基本上呈现出灌木＞小乔木＞常绿针叶树＞落叶针叶树＞落叶阔叶树的变化规律;所有8个测试树种的叶片WUE的季节变化均为生长季初期较高,在中后期持续降低,但季节变幅随树种而异。（2）对2个小流域共有的测试树种（华北落叶松、山桃和沙棘）的叶片WUE进行了比较,结果表明存在着明显的水分生境差异,即在半干旱区极显著（p＜0.01）大于半湿润区,前者为后者的2.03倍以上。（3）对于沙棘、山桃、油松和华北落叶松,它们在较干旱气候类型立地和较干旱季节条件下都具有较高的叶片WUE,属抗旱能力较强的生态型节水树种,可选为干旱缺水区主要造林树种。此外,树种叶片WUE同时具有保守性和变异性,说明可采取适度抗旱锻炼来在一定范围内提高造林树种的WUE。     

深圳市酸雨变化特征及形成原因分析

深圳市长年属于较重酸雨区,对城市生态带来重要影响,酸雨污染已经成为当前迫切需要解决的环境问题。为了了解近年来深圳市降水的变化特征及污染状况,利用2001—-2011年的降水监测数据,分析了降水酸化程度及化学组分特征,探讨了致酸原因,’为酸雨污染控制对策制定提供基础依据。研究结果表明,深圳市酸雨污染在2004--2006年达到较高水平（降水pH值4,49～4．59）,2007年以来明显有所改善（降水pH值4．73～5．02）,酸雨频率也显著降低。在时间变化上呈现夏季酸雨污染相对较严重,在空间变化上表现出宝安区和龙岗区酸雨污染相对较轻。相对于北京等城市,深圳市降水中离子浓度较低,同时大气中污染物浓度也较低,表明深圳市降水比较清洁,但由于大气中碱性物质含量较低,导致降水酸性较强。深圳市近年降水[SO42-]／[NO3-]的比值不断下降并低于2,硫酸硝酸混合型酸雨特征明显,表明机动车对降水酸性的影响不断增强。Cl-和Na＋对降水阴阳离子的贡献较高（分别达到24％和30％）,反映降水受海洋的影响较大。深圳与广州、东莞、佛山等城市的降水酸度和酸雨频率变化趋势较为一致,区域传输对酸雨形成也有重要影响。     

大庆典型区域湿地水体污染物迁移变化特征研究

目前对于天然湿地水体污染物迁移变化规律的研究还不全面。大庆区域湿地面积较大,但石油开采所产生的含油废水以及其他生产和生活的废水进入湿地,对该区域湿地水环境产生了较大的影响。对大庆区域湿地水体自净效果及变化状况进行研究,对揭示该湿地生态系统健康状况变化有着重要意义。为此,按不同季节对湿地系统不同典型位置(进水处、出水处、中间部位),采集水样、湿地植物芦苇(Phragmiteshirsuta)与湿地土壤,考察了大庆湿地不同时空条件下的湿地水质情况以及湿地植物芦苇、土壤的变化情况。结果表明:湿地系统夏季污染最严重,污染程度从高到低依次为夏、秋、春,春季综合污染指数最低为13.11。TN的综合污染指数最高为14.05,5项水质指标综合污染指数从高到低顺序依次为TN、COD、含油量、NH4+-N、BOD5。湿地对水体污染物去除主要发生在湿地前部区域。在监测期间,湿地前部区域去除的TN的量占整个湿地区域去除TN量的71.86%,湿地前部区域去除的COD的量占整个湿地区域去除COD量的77.51%,湿地前部区域去除的NH4+-N的量占整个湿地区域去除NH4+-N量的56.46%,湿地前部区域去除的含油量占整个湿地区域去除含油量的79.91%,湿地前部区域去除的BOD5的量占整个湿地区域去除BOD5量的53.57%。湿地系统对湿地水体污染物的降解是沿湿地水流方向逐渐降低的,湿地自净效果明显。植物通过吸收直接去除部分氮、磷,而且在生长季节作用更明显。在湿地前部区域植物生长效果略好于后部,对氮、磷吸收也略高于后部,这正与湿地系统对污染物的降解是沿湿地水流方向逐渐降低相吻合。另外,湿地土壤能够吸附水中一些污染物质,湿地植物与土壤都对水中污染物的去除发挥重要作用。     

人工湿地系统对含沼液畜禽废水净化效果试验研究

为了考察人工湿地处理含沼液畜禽废水的可行性,采用水平潜流人工湿地对含沼液畜禽废水进行处理实验。试验结果表明：在进水流量1.5 m3.d-1,水平潜流人工湿地系统对含沼液畜禽废水具有较好的处理效果。废水中COD、TP、TN和NH4＋-N浊度平均去除率分别为59.21%、53.80%、55.09%和55.57%.另外,通过对人工湿地沿程的污染物变化试验分析表明,人工湿地系统对污染物的降解是沿人工湿地水流方向逐渐降低的。     

环鄱阳湖区城市化格局的空间分异分析

建立了城市化格局的单指标和复合指标测度体系,运用主成分分析法对环鄱阳湖区人口、经济、生活、基础设施和综合城市化格局的空间分异进行了分析。研究发现:1)人口和基础设施城市化率呈现环湖边缘区最大,核心区其次,外围区最小的倒U形式的规律;经济城市化率则呈现边缘区最高,外围区次之,核心区最低的规律;而生活城市化水平呈现核心区最高,边缘区其次,外围区最低的格局。2)随着距鄱阳湖体距离的增加,城市化复合水平呈现依次下降的规律。该结果表明鄱阳湖作为一个特殊地理事物,它的存在对该区城市经济发展的空间分异具有一定程度的影响。