中国城市建设用地的动态变化态势与调控

城市建设用地总量及其用地结构动态变化的合理性是衡量一个国家和地区城镇化进程是否健康、城镇化发展质量是否高效的晴雨表。1981—2014年间的35 a来,中国城市建设用地在数量、人均面积和用地扩张弹性系数上均发生了巨大变化,城市建设用地增加了6.44倍,年均净增1 311 km²;人均城市建设用地增加了2.78倍,年均净增2.37 m²;城市建设用地扩张速度明显高于人口增长速度,且呈现出大快大慢的波浪状起伏变化态势。城市建设用地结构总体处在稳定变化的合理区间,东部地区各类城市建设用地总量占全国50%以上,近年呈微降趋势;大中小城市建设用地比例基本保持在50%∶20%∶30%的区间。近35 a来中国城市建设用地扩张存在的主要问题表现为城市建设用地无序蔓延问题严重,人均建设用地居高不下;城市建设用地结构不尽协调,降低了城市用地集约利用效率;城镇化和经济增长过于依赖建设用地,短期难以扭转;新城新区建设过多过大,加剧了城市建设用地的过度扩张。未来中国城市建设用地调控中,要综合防范城市用地无序扩张蔓延,提高土地集约利用水平;优化城市建设用地结构和功能,实现城市精明集约增长;因地因城因类地制订出差别化的建设用地调控措施;进一步科学引导我国新城新区的适度理性建设。     

中国西南地区时雨量分布特征与时月变化

利用2005-2017年夏半年国家大监站的逐小时降水量资料,14个要素被设计来进行多角度分析。多数要素与地形高度有良好的负相关关系。时段雨量最大值主要集中地是四川盆地西部,其次是贵州南部,云南南部边缘地带有少许站点,云贵高原主体及其与青藏高原交接带内没有最大值出现。多个要素在9到12时出现日变化最高峰。月际变化一般在7月出现最大值。随月份推进,强降水区会在贵州西南部、云南南部边缘出现后,跳跃到川渝地区出现。时段累积雨量最大值随时间增加而增加,多个要素的时间增加一倍时雨量增大10%到20%。以小时而言,西南地区降水几率平均为1/10,最多的可以达到1/4,最少的不到1/14。6月份降水时数最多,10月的雨时数仅次于6月,4月最少。连续时段与标准日界时段雨量的显著差异出现在川渝地区;白天12 h降水与夜间12 h降水的显著差异也出现在川渝地区。总体而言,连续时段的累积雨量大于标准日界的相同时间长度的累积雨量,白天降水量大于夜间降水量。     

张八岭地区地质构造特征

本文讨论了张八岭地区的褶皱、断裂构造活动特征、形成序次关系、动力作用方式等．从而进一步阐明了测区构造发生、发展以及定位机制。     

The effect of Oja-titun market effluent on the chemical quality of receiving OPA reservoir in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

The effect of market effluent from the Oja-titun market in Ile-Ife, Nigeria on the chemical quality of the Opa Reservoir located 3.5 km downstream was investigated between February and November 2000. Water samples were collected in February, May, August and November from 16 sites, four along each of the market drainage channels (MDC), market stream, tributary stream and the Opa River and Reservoir. The peak level of each variable-biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, total alkalinity, Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), PO(4)(3+), SO(4)(2+), Cl(-), NO(3)(-), Pb and Zn-occurred at the MDC, and decreased significantly downstream, except pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen, which increased. Seasonal fluctuation in most variables was pronounced. Generally, there were high values in the early dry and dry seasons and low values in the rainy and early rainy seasons. Comparison of the reservoir water with international limitation standards for drinking water supply showed that the quality of the reservoir water was very low and that treatment required to achieve minimum limitation standards for drinking water would be both intensive and expensive. The study concluded that the stream borne effluent from the market impacts significantly on the chemical quality of the reservoir water although other tributaries within the Reservoir's catchment are other possible sources of pollutants in the reservoir.     

SAMPLING FREQUENCY SELECTION FOR REGULATORY WATER QUALITY MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: The selection of sampling frequencies in order to achieve reasonably small and uniform confidence interval widths about annual sample means or sample geometric means of water quality constituents is suggested as a rational approach to regulatory monitoring network design. Methods are presented for predicting confidence interval widths at specified sampling frequencies while considering both seasonal variation and serial correlation of the quality time series. Deterministic annual cycles are isolated and serial dependence structures of the autoregressive, moving average type are identified through time series analysis of historic water quality records. The methods are applied to records for five quality constituents from a nine-station network in Illinois. Confidence interval widths about annual geometric means are computed over a range of sampling frequencies appropriate in regulatory monitoring. Results are compared with those obtained when a less rigorous approach, ignoring seasonal variation and serial correlation, is used. For a monthly sampling frequency the error created by ignoring both seasonal variation and serial correlation is approximately 8 percent. Finally, a simpler technique for evaluating serial correlation effects based on the assumption of AR(1) type dependence is examined. It is suggested that values of the parameter p₁, in the AR(1) model should range from 0.75 to 0.90 for the constituents and region studied.     

RUNOFF,EROSION, AND SOLUTES IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RIVER,NEVADA, DURING 19691

The Truckee River heads in the Sierra Nevada at Lake Tahoe, and terminates in Pyramid Lake. During the 1969 water year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre-ft) was almost four times the long-term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. A short period of low-altitude rainfall produced the highest concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material. The upper 90 percent of the basin yielded about 260 acre-feet (630,000 tons) of sediment at the Nixon gage, whereas an estimated 2,800 acre-feet (6.8 million tons) was contributed by erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. Solute content at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/l, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low flows. Solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in Pyramid Lake-sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride-amounted to almost 40,000 tons. The total solute load during a year of average flow may be 45,000-55,000 tons, including 18,000-22,000 tons of principal lake constituents.     

安徽"两山一湖"区域气候特征及气象灾害分析

分析了安徽“两山一湖”区域独特的气候特征，在此基础上对该区域的主要气象灾害(暴雨与洪涝、雨淞、冰雹与大风、雾危害、低温冻害、干旱、雪灾)逐一进行了论述，指出了趋利避害、合理开发利用气候资源、保护“两山一湖”区域生态环境与旅游资源的重要性。     

华北地区干旱强度的表征形式及其气候变异

在分析1951-2001年华北地区降水量、气温及蒸发量变化特征的基础上,确定利用月降水量与蒸发量之差的Z指数表征干旱强度.该指数在时间及空问分布上的实际概率与理论概率均很接近,可以较好地表征华北地区干旱强度状况.分析表明,华北地区干旱强度不但具有显著的年代际变化特征,且年际振荡的信号也很强.华北地区四季的干旱强度变化在干旱期的开始时间、干旱持续时间和干旱强度等方面存在一定的差异.     

SEASONAL PUMPING VARIATION EFFECTS ON WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREA DELINEATION1

ABSTRACT: Delineation of a welihead protection area (WHPA) is the key element in welihead protection programs for drinking water supplies. WHPAs are often delineated under idealized conditions using simple steady-state assumptions, which lead to an incorrect estimation of area and geometry. In this paper, we compare the results from a simple steady-state procedure commonly employed in WHPA delineation with a more complex transient approach that allows consideration of seasonal variation in pumping rates. We also introduce a transient procedure to delineate time-related capture zones using a numerical ground water flow and transport model. Welihead delineation is examined for two municipal wells in Tipton, Oklahoma, using a ten-year time-of-travel criterion. In the steady-state procedure, where we assumed constant pumping rates, we used GPTRAC, a semi-analytical model, and MOC, a numerical model. The capture zone delineated by GPTRAC is comparable in shape with the capture zone delineated by MOC but not in size due to the differences in solution schemes. In the transient procedure, we used MOC and considered the seasonal variation in pumping rates. The capture zones delineated in this procedure were larger than the capture zones delineated by the steady-state procedure using the same model. Further analysis showed that a higher drawdown was predicted in the transient procedure than in the steady-state procedure, which is the reason for larger capture zones.     

SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN PHOSPHORUS AND CHLOROPHYLL AND THEIR EFFECTS ON USE OF LAKE SURVEY DATA1

Summer lake survey measurements of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (CHLa) from 188 reserviors and natural lakes in the midwest were analyzed to determine the magnitude of major sources of variability. Median variance among replicate samples collected at the same location and time was about 7-8 percent of the mean for both TP and CHLa. Median observed temporal variability within summers was 27 percent of the mean for TP and 45 percent of the mean for CHLa. Median values of year-to-year variance in average TP and CHLa were 22 percent and 31 percent of the mean, respectively. A range of approximately two orders of magnitude was observed among individual estimates of variance in each of these categories. The magnitude of observed temporal variability was affected only slightly by variance among replicate samples on individual days and was weakly correlated with the length of time during which samples were collected from individual lakes. Observed temporal variation was similar between reservoirs and natural lakes when variances were calculated with logtransformed data. The magnitude of temporal and year-to-year variance can severely limit the power of statistical comparisons of TP and CHLa means, but has less effect on establishing relative rankings of lake means, Sources and relative magnitude of variability are important in the use of TP and CHLa data in regression models and in the planning of lake surveys and subsequent data analysis.