常德市酸雨化学特征、趋势分析及控制对策

常德市是中南地区酸雨污染最为严重的城市之一。以常德市2004年至2006年的降雨连续监测数据为基础,应用统计学相关分析的方法,对常德市158次降雨的变化特征进行了分析和研究。结果表明,常德市降雨酸度呈波动性变化,近3年的降雨pH年均值都在5．4以下,对降雨中离子含量的分析可知,酸雨主要为硫酸型,有向硫酸和硝酸混合型转化的趋势。降雨中的主要离子浓度和通量在冬、春季节高于夏、秋季节,降雨中阴阳离子极不平衡,[SO4^2-]和[Ca^2＋]浓度对降雨离子的平衡有较大的影响。常德市的净酸度沉积量在2004年高达199．29meq m^-2yr^-1,而从2004年-2006年,净酸度沉积量和离子沉降总通量均在逐年降低,表明常德市降雨酸化现象有所缓和．     

Seasonal Variations of Trace Metal Chemical Forms in Bed Sediments of a Karstic River in Lebanon: Implications for Self-purification

Although Lebanon has abundant water, its rivers are polluted and aquifer water mismanaged. Effective river water usage requires an understanding of the geochemistry of polluting metals in catchments. Climate is “Mediterranean”: wet winters and dry summers. Active sediment flushing is restricted to winter high discharge episodes. Except in winter, water column pollutants are removed by precipitation or sorption to the surface of static bed sediments. Hence (1) does winter flushing of contaminated sediment and replacement by clean sediment favour self purification? (2) does the distribution of metals between extractable fractions change seasonally and thereby affect metal bioavailability ? Results on the distribution of metals are reported for Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in bed sediments from Nahr Ibrahim (a karstic river) for summer and winter. A Tessier-like sequential extraction scheme was applied to samples (< 75 μm) for five locations along a 13 km stretch to the sea. Water pH was above 8.2 at all locations implying a very low solubility for Fe. Sediment was derived from catchment soils and limestone. Total sediment Fe increased in winter at all sites following deposition of eroded soil from upstream. Cadmium, Cu and Pb derived from polluting sources; the sources of Zn were more complex. Dilution by clean sediment explained winter reductions in total Cd, Cu and Pb; Zn changes were less consistent. Iron occurred mostly (> 77 sum of fractions) in the residual fraction compared with 6– 31 for pollutants; residual Cu and Zn showed a small increase in winter whereas Cd and Pb did not change. All readily exchangeable metals decreased in winter and the carbonate bound forms predominated in both seasons. Nahr Ibrahim has a high capacity for self purification and metal resolubilisation from sediment will be limited by the solubility of carbonate forms.     

金沙江河谷大气二氧化碳浓度变化特征及影响因子

大气CO₂是重要的温室气体,其浓度变化与气候变化、植物生长、人类活动等密切相关.为了解高原地区近自然状态下大气CO₂浓度变化及其影响因子,选取气象要素变化较明显、人为干扰较少的金沙江河谷为研究对象,在谷底江岸边的稀树草坪上设置观测点,对大气CO₂浓度和主要气象要素进行连续对照观测,经数据计算并采用Pearson相关系数对其相关性进行分析.结果表明:①研究区大气c（CO₂）日变化和年变化均具有波动性,日最高值（316.2 μmol/L）和最低值（291.0 μmol/L）分别出现在09:00和13:00左右,年最高值（338.9 μmol/L）和最低值（228.5 μmol/L）分别出现在10月和7月;季节性变化呈春、夏两季低于秋、冬两季的特征.②研究区大气c（CO₂）与温度呈显著负相关（r=-0.97,P < 0.01）,即白天温度高而大气c（CO₂）低,夜间温度低而大气c（CO₂）高.研究区大气c（CO₂）与相对湿度呈显著正相关（r=0.97,P < 0.01）,00:00-07:00大气c（CO₂）和相对湿度均缓慢上升,09:00-12:00大气c（CO₂）和相对湿度均快速下降.研究区大气c（CO₂）与风速呈显著负相关（r=-0.93,P < 0.01）,其与风对大气c（CO₂）有扩散作用相关;不同季节大气c（CO₂）最高值或最低值所对应的风向有所不同.研究显示,金沙江河谷大气c（CO₂）的时间变化特征明显,其与温度、相对湿度、风速、风向等气象要素的变化密切相关.      

艾比湖流域河流水化学季节特征及空间格局研究

基于2016年5月和10月两次野外水质数据,综合应用空间分析和多元统计方法,系统分析了艾比湖流域河水水质的季节性特征及空间分布格局.结果表明:流域大部分地表水的SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-和HCO_3~-浓度并无显著差异,水化学类型处于水化学类型易变的区域.但结合Piper图可以初步判断艾比湖周边的水化学类型为SO_4~(2-)-Na~+型,精河及博尔塔拉河为HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)-Ca~(2+)-Na~+型,奎屯河为SO_4~(2-)-Cl~--Na~+型.流域水化学组成整体的自然起源主要受自身蒸发-结晶作用与以碳酸盐岩为主的风化溶解作用的共同影响,大气降水的输入作用十分微弱.10月河流部分地区受农业、工业等人类活动影响,说明人为因素对流域内的水化学组成产生影响.结果研究可以为艾比湖流域水环境管理提供科学依据.     

北方农牧交错带干旱脆弱性时空格局演变

干旱脆弱性研究为北方农牧交错带人地系统的“整合”研究提供了新思路与分析框架。论文运用VSD脆弱性评估框架,将系统脆弱性分解为暴露度、敏感性、适应能力3个维度,以北方农牧交错带112个县域为研究单元,以2000、2008、2015年社会经济统计数据、气象数据、遥感影像数据为研究基础,运用模糊层次分析、空间热点探测分析和变异系数分析等方法,对各县域干旱脆弱性时空演变特征进行分析与总结。研究结论：1）研究区干旱脆弱性指数逐步降低,整体呈现东北地区低脆弱、西南地区高脆弱的空间格局。2）研究区暴露度指数先上升、后下降,且由东北向西南逐渐增高;敏感性指数先下降、后上升,呈现空间碎片化特征;适应能力指数逐步提高,呈现中部高度适应、东部中度适应、西部低度适应的格局。3）研究区干旱脆弱性差异度先增大、后减小,且呈现西、南部差异度大,东、北部差异度小的格局。4）研究区干旱脆弱性冷、热点个数增加明显,2000—2008年冷热点个数增加最明显;空间上,热点先由中部向西部蔓延,冷点由东部边界区向西部、南部扩展,形成了东部边界冷点集聚带和中、西部热点集聚区。     

西洞庭湖入湖河流磷的污染特征

为识别西洞庭湖长江三口分流来水与洞庭湖水系河流来水磷元素的污染特征,于2016年1-12月在西洞庭湖的主要入湖河流松滋河（三口分流河道）、沅江和澧水（洞庭湖水系河流）开展了水文水质同步调查,研究了入湖河流中磷浓度和组成的时空分布特征,剖析了水文因素对磷污染特征的影响,探究了磷的来源结构.结果表明,3条主要入湖河流流量平均值表现为沅江（1 718 m3/s）>松滋河（935 m3/s）>澧水（884 m3/s）,ρ（TP）平均值表现为沅江（0.070 mg/L） < 澧水（0.077 mg/L） < 松滋河（0.138 mg/L）;沅江的年均入湖磷通量（4 177.26 t/a）对于西洞庭湖磷污染而言仍起主导作用;沅江、澧水与松滋河的磷的形态以DTP（溶解态磷,占比为78.56%~90.19%）为主,并且松滋河DTP占比（90.19%）显著高于沅江和澧水（78.56%~83.34%）.进一步的分析显示,3条河流的磷污染状况受水文因素影响显著,沅江和澧水磷浓度表现为汛期高于非汛期,磷的主要来源为非点源;松滋河的磷浓度表现为非汛期高于汛期,汛期主要取决于长江来水状况,非汛期主要取决于松滋口以下区间的点源污染状况.研究显示,3条河流磷浓度和形态均具有时空差异性,并且年内变化规律差异较大.      

特征雷达图的设计及其在大气污染成因分析中的应用

为了更好地利用环境监测数据进行污染成因分析,提出数学算法,对多种污染物进行百分比成分谱化,并除以一定时期（或一定区域）的平均值,从而得到标准化特征谱,以消除污染物浓度变化的影响以及不同污染物间浓度值差异的影响;通过设计特征雷达图的方式,直观和快速地展现大气污染特征在时间序列和空间上发生的变化特征,为环境管理部门利用空气质量常规监测数据开展动态决策提供便利.该方法既可利用单点历史数据开展历史特征雷达图分析,也可基于区域多站点数据开展区域特征雷达图分析.该方法在时间序列上可以判断出偏沙尘污染型、偏燃煤污染型、偏二次颗粒物污染型、偏机动车污染型、偏烟花污染型等多个污染类型;在区域分布中可以判断出偏燃煤污染区、偏机动车污染区、偏钢铁污染区等多个区域类型.该方法除可应用于空气质量常规监测数据外,也可应用于其他组分数据如碳质组分、水溶性离子组分及元素组分等数据的分析.      

WATER QUALITY OF AN INTENSWE AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED IN QUEBEC1

ABSTRACT: . Under a watershed based approach being examined by the Quebec Ministry of Agriculture to accelerate the adoption of conservation practices, a study on the impacts of agricultural practices on the St. Esprit watershed was initiated in the fall of 1993. The water quality of this 26 km² intensive agricultural watershed was studied over an 18 month period. Water samples taken at the outlet of the watershed were analyzed for nitrate, phosphate, suspended sediment, and atrazine. Water quality data were analyzed to establish seasonal trends in pollutant concentration and load in the watercourse. Spring snowmelt was identified as a significant period of pollutant material export. All pollutant materials displayed seasonal variability in the export process. Peak pollutant concentrations were associated with high flow events. Mean observed pollutant concentrations did not exceed drinking water quality standards.     

我国棉花合理布局的定量分析

根据棉花布局的目标和发展规模的制约因素,设计了三个指标,对我国棉花合理布局,进行了定量分析。棉花布局指数是从全国种植业层次衡量各地单位棉田布局的增产效益指标,其分布特点是;全国北高南低,北方平原高于山区,南方山区高于平原。根据棉花纤维品质综合评价值可知,我国各地棉花品质的优劣依次为;新疆,江汉平原,长江下游,黄淮海平原,辽河流域和西南地区。     

Yolk testosterone organizes behavior and male plumage coloration in house sparrows (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Passer domesticus</Emphasis>)

Vertebrate eggs contain maternal steroid hormones in their yolks; and in avian species the concentration of these steroids vary within and among clutches. The organizational actions of these variable doses of maternal steroids in the avian egg, analogous to those regulating the development of sexually dimorphic traits, are little explored. In this study, we examined the organizational effects of yolk testosterone in the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, a sexually dichromatic passerine bird in which males are characterized by the presence of a throat patch or badge of black feathers that varies in size among males. We injected a physiological dose of testosterone or vehicle into eggs in the field, removed nestlings, and hand-raised them in the laboratory. At 5 months of age, we investigated treatment effects on plumage and behavior. Males that hatched from testosterone-injected eggs developed a larger badge than males that hatched from vehicle-injected (control) eggs. However, testosterone did not induce the expression of a badge in females. In staged dyadic encounters, both males and females hatched from testosterone-injected eggs were more successful at obtaining and defending a food source than individuals of the same sex hatched from control eggs. The results suggest that variable concentrations of maternal testosterone in the eggs of the house sparrow organize the expression of a plumage trait in males and behavior in both sexes.Communicated by J. Graves