基于长时间序列的北京PM2.5浓度日变化及气象条件影响分析

基于2005~2014年北京宝联(城区)和上甸子大气成分本底站(郊区)监测结果得到了PM_(2.5)质量浓度日变化特征,并且讨论了气象条件的影响.结果表明,北京城区PM_(2.5)质量浓度10年平均值的日变化呈双峰分布,对应早晚出行高峰.但是,该特征在2007年以后才比较明显.月际(季节)变化表现为单峰与双峰之间、日最大值在早高峰与晚高峰之间的转换.一年中早峰值浓度在5~8月最高,与地面风速小、相对湿度以及水汽压(空气绝对含水量)较高有关,该季节晚高峰期间浓度变化相对较小主要受混合层较厚、地面风速大、降雨天气发生频繁的影响.11~12月和1~2月的16:00以后浓度明显升高,混合层顶高度在14:00~17:00大幅度下降是重要的影响因素.此外,严重和重度污染日09:00以后污染加重,与年平均值和中度污染日不同.边界层偏南风对来自周边地区高架源的污染物输送是其重要的影响机制.PM_(2.5)质量浓度日变化幅度随污染加重而增大.日最大风速和相对湿度日变化对浓度日变化幅度有影响,而且午后地面出现4~6 m·s-1的偏南风也会加大日变化幅度.北京郊区PM_(2.5)质量浓度多年平均值日变化呈单峰分布,日最大值超前于城区.而且,昼间的浓度在5~7月高于冬季.本研究结果将有助于细化不利扩散条件下的污染减排方案.     

Growth and nutrient accumulation of Phragmites australis in relation to water level variation and nutrient loadings in a shallow lake

Shallow lake eutrophication is a global environmental issue. This study investigated the effects of water level variation and nutrient loadings on the growth and nutrient accumulation of Phragmites australis (reed) by field samplings in Baiyangdian Lake, the largest shallow lake of northern China. The field samplings were conducted in two sites of different nutrient loadings during the whole growth period of reeds, and three types of zones with different water depths were chosen for each site, including the terrestrial zone with water level below the ground, the ecotone zone with the water level varying from belowground to aboveground, and the submerged zone with water level above the ground. The result showed that reed growth was more limited by water level variation than nutrient loadings. The average stem lengths and diameters in terrestrial zones were about 26.3%-27.5% and 7.2%-12.0% higher than those in submerged zones, respectively. Similarly, the terrestrial status increased the aboveground biomass of reeds by 36.6%-51.8% compared with the submerged status. Both the nutrient concentrations and storages in the aboveground reeds were mainly influenced by the nutrient loadings in surface water and sediment rather than the water level variation of the reed growth environment, and the nutrient storages reached their maxima in late August or early September. It was observed that the maximum nitrogen storage occurred in the terrestrial zone with higher nutrient loadings, with the value of 74.5 g/m 2 . This study suggested that water level variation and nutrient loadings should be considered when using reeds to control and remediate eutrophication of shallow lakes.     

丹江口库区小流域土壤磁化率变异特征及影响因素研究

土壤磁化率是表征土壤侵蚀特征的重要指标。本文以丹江口库区五龙池流域土壤为研究对象,沿坡位选取18个条带共采集85个表层(0～10 cm)土壤样品,通过对不同土地利用类型及景观位置的土壤磁化率分析以及与粒度关联分析,揭示小流域土壤磁化率变异特征并评估其影响因素。结果表明:1)土壤质量磁化率、频率磁化率平均含量分别为34. 4×10-8m3/kg、9. 69%,二者均呈中等的空间自相关,其值分别为0. 59、0. 51; 2)不同土地利用类型中,土壤磁化率差异显著,其中质量磁化率为坡耕地梯田灌木林地用材林地;频率磁化率为坡耕地梯田用材林地灌木林地;不同景观位置上,土壤磁化率坡顶最低,中部最高,坡底居中; 3)土壤磁化率与黏粒、粉粒含量存在显著正相关关系,与砂粒含量呈显著负相关关系。研究结果为间接监测流域土壤迁移与环境演变过程提供了依据,增加对流域内生源元素伴随土壤侵蚀迁移的演变历史和过程的理解,对于保护库区水环境和生态安全有重要意义。     

Signal variation and call preferences for whine frequency in the túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus

Properties of sexual signals can differ in the amount of within-male variability. In several species of anurans, females exert stabilizing or weakly directional preferences on less variable call properties, and highly directional preferences on more variable ones. Preferences of female túngara frogs, Physalaemus pustulosus, were examined for two call characteristics: a less variable spectral character, dominant frequency of the whine, and a more variable temporal character, inter-call interval. Eight phonotaxis experiments using synthetic calls were conducted with gravid females. Stimuli presented for both characters were based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) of those characters in the study population. For each character, we used four intervals of variation (1, 2, 3, and 4 SD) between stimuli in four different experiments. As has been found in some other anuran species, preference was stronger for the more variable temporal character, increasing in proportion to the difference between stimuli. Preference for the less variable spectral character was not significant until the difference between stimuli was substantial. The strength of female preference, estimated as latency to choose, the number of speakers visited, and the number of females showing phonotaxis, increased in proportion to the increase in the difference between stimuli. All these measures of strength of preference were greater in response to the more variable temporal character compared to responses to the less variable spectral character. Received: 20 September 2000 / Accepted: 7 October 2000     

陕西省泥石流灾害的时空分布规律及成因的初步分析

陕西省是我国泥石流灾害发生较严重的地区之一。本文较全面地阐明了全省泥石流灾害的时空分布规律;分析了泥石流的形成因素,并对形成泥石流的各种临界条件进行了探讨;最后,还就全省泥石流的发展趋势进行了讨论。     

Seasonal variation in paediatric blood lead levels in Syracuse,NY, USA

Venous blood lead values for 2,633 children aged 0–4 years in Syracuse, New York, collected between 1 April 1992 and 31 March 1993 were summarised by census tract for study of geographic variability. A demographic exposure model is presented showing housing stock and SES (socioeconomic status) parameters as the most significant predictor variables. A seasonal trend in blood lead levels was observed with late summer values about 40% higher than late winter values for census tracts with the highest geometric mean PbB levels. Seasonal variation is compared with a biokinetic uptake model to examine hypotheses about temporal variations in soil and dust lead exposure patterns.     

南京江北新区PM2.5中水溶性有机氮的污染特征及其来源

以南京江北新区2019年4、7、11和12月为代表分析了大气PM_2.5中水溶性有机氮（WSON）的季节变化特征,探讨了WSON与水溶性无机氮（WSIN）的关系.结果表明,南京江北新区PM_2.5中WSON的变化范围为0.446～4.200μg·m^-3,平均值为2.04μg·m^-3,略高于北京、上海和常州的观测结果.秋季PM_2.5中的WSON平均值最高[（2.967±0.643）μg·m^-3],约为其他3个季节的1.7倍.南京细粒子中WSON对水溶性总氮（WSTN）的平均贡献率占到25%,并表现出夏秋高、冬春低的特点,如冬季该占比仅为夏秋季的50%左右. WSON与WSIN中的NO^-₂-N相关性最高,与NO^-₃-N的相关性最低,可能与夏季高温导致NO^-₃-N的挥发有关.通过主成分分析（PCA）表明,南京江北新区细粒子中WSON主要...     

武汉市夏季大气挥发性有机物实时组成及来源

利用在线监测仪器获取了武汉市2019年6～7月环境大气中102种挥发性有机物（VOCs）小时浓度数据.观测期间ρ（VOCs）范围为24.9～254μg·m^-3,平均值为（67.7±32.2）μg·m^-3.依据臭氧浓度标准,将观测期间划分为清洁日和污染日,对比分析清洁日和污染日气象条件、 VOCs浓度、组成、臭氧生成潜势和来源差异.污染日NO_x、 CO和VOCs的平均值分别超出清洁日34.9%、 25.0%和27.8%.污染日烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和含氧VOCs分别比清洁日高40.7%、 39.5%、 26.9%和21.5%.污染日总臭氧生成潜势为（102±69.6）μg·m^-3,超出清洁天33.5%.污染日液化石油气燃烧、工业排放、机动车排放、天然源和溶剂使用的平均贡献率分别比清洁日低3.4%、 2.5%、 0.2%、 1.3%和1.4%,油气挥发源平均贡献率比清洁日高8.8%.机动车排放源和油气挥发源的日变化均呈现早晚高、午后低的特征,与早晚高峰排放有关;LPG燃烧的日变化与餐饮油烟排放变化一致.浓度...     

北京市道路扬尘重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险

以北京市代表性道路扬尘2004年的PM_(10)与PM_(2. 5)和2013年的PM_(2. 5)中21种无机元素含量为基础,分析和探讨北京市道路扬尘重金属污染特征及其潜在生态风险.结果表明,北京市道路扬尘中6种主要元素为Si、Ca、Al、Fe、Mg和K,其含量之和占所有被测元素含量的比例分别为:2004年PM_(10)为96. 51%、2004年PM_(2. 5)为96. 42%和2013年PM_(2. 5)为96. 53%.2004年北京市道路扬尘中元素富集水平、重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险总体表现为:PM_(2. 5) PM_(10);燃煤烟尘特征元素Se在2004年的PM_(2. 5)中、Cd在2004年的PM_(10)与PM_(2. 5)中均为极强富集,富集因子分别为1024. 03、68. 15和871. 55; Co、Zn、Ca和Cu属显著富集,其富集因子在2004年PM_(10)中分别为12. 93、12. 33、8. 30和8. 07,在PM_(2. 5)中分别为17. 41、21. 80、12. 83和19. 73;但Na和Si在道路扬尘中均无富集.重金属的污染载荷指数(PLI)在2004年PM_(10)中为3. 95,PM_(2. 5)为7. 71. 2013年北京市道路扬尘PM_(2. 5)中重金属污染水平和潜在生态风险较2004年均显著降低,在2013年PM_(2. 5)中,Cd和Se的富集因子分别下降为98. 47和0. 95; Cu、Ca和Zn富集因子分别下降为11. 90、8. 84和8. 20; PLI下降为2. 56.研究表明,北京市道路扬尘多种重金属总的潜在生态风险极强,重金属Cd为极显著污染因子和主要的潜在生态风险来源,其潜在生态风险指数(RI)对重金属总的RI贡献超过85%. 2004年北京市道路扬尘主干道重金属污染程度明显高于其它道路类型,PM_(10)表现为:主干道高速进京口次干道环路,PM_(2. 5)表现为:主干道环路高速进京口次干道;而2013年PM_(2. 5)表现为:高速进京口主干道环路次干道,且次干道重金属污染水平显著低于其它道路类型. 2013年北京市道路扬尘PM_(2. 5)中,重金属Ti、Zn、V、Cr、Cu、Pb和Ni相关性显著,主要来源于与交通有关的排放.