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101.
  总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
Beijing is one of the most polluted cities in the world. In this study, the long-term and continuous measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urban area of Beijing, specifically at Beijing 325 m Meteorological Tower, were conducted from 2000 to 2007. The annual record of VOC trends exhibited in two different phases was separated in 2003. Records show that VOC concentrations increased from 2000 to 2003 due to the abrupt increase in vehicle number. Contrarily, since 2003, there had been a decrease in VOCs concentrations as the policy on gasoline and air pollution was implemented. Toluene, benzene, and i-pentane are the chemicals that abound in and are directly related to vehicle activity, such as in vehicle exhaust and gasoline evaporation. Furthermore, records indicate that there had been seasonal variation in VOCs levels in that VOCs level in summer is higher than that in winter. As such, temperature is considered to significantly contribute to VOCs in Beijing. Records also show that VOCs level was high in the morning and during rush hours in the evening. In contrast, VOCs level was low during midday due to photochemical destruction with OH radical and dilution effect. In this study, a particular benzene to toluene ratio range (0.4-1.0) was used as the indicator of air propelled by vehicular exhaust. We also applied the correlation coefficients between BTEX and i-pentane to evaluate evaporation influence to ambient BTEX in the Beijing urban area.  相似文献   
102.
根据2013年7月(夏季),11月(秋季)和2014年5月(春季)渤海中部海域营养盐数据以及温盐等数据,以浮游植物对营养盐的吸收阈值和化学计量关系为判断标准,对研究海域营养盐分布、限制状况以及季节变化特征进行分析,结果表明:调查海域内各营养盐组分变化均呈现明显季节性特征,表现为夏季低秋季上升春季下降的趋势.夏季受冲淡水影响,海水存在层化现象,溶解无机氮(DIN)、PO43--P和SiO32--Si含量分别为(10.33±7.75)、(0.05±0.03)和(3.94±3.19)μmol/L,DIN/P较高,Si/DIN远低于1,其中表层和10m层存在P和Si限制站位分别达93%、93%和40%、20%,限制状况严重.秋季受底层沉积物扰动再悬浮及营养盐矿化释放等因素影响,各种营养盐含量迅速上升,DIN、PO43--P和SiO32--Si含量为(16.44±6.51)、(0.54±0.20)和(16.94±6.37)μmol/L,分别升高了1.6、10.8和4.3倍,垂向分布差异较小,且仅存在P潜在限制现象.春季由于陆源输入相对较少,同时受浮游植物吸收等因素影响,各营养盐含量急剧下降,DIN、PO43--P和SiO32--Si含量分别为(9.04±8.06)、(0.06±0.04)和(2.47±1.90)μmol/L,分别降低了45%、89%和85%,其中部分站位PO43--P和SiO32--Si含量低于阈值,在表层和10m层海水中存在P和Si限制站位分别达70%、65%和55%、50%,对海域内硅藻作为优势种的浮游植物生长和初级生产力产生影响.  相似文献   
103.
基于2017年全国1365个监测站点的实时监测数据,运用空间数据统计模型揭示近地面臭氧(O3)污染的时空分布格局,并利用BenMap工具在10km×10km空间网格尺度上估计O3污染的健康损失和健康经济价值.结果表明,O3浓度具有较强的季节性变化,呈倒\"V\"型变化趋势,在空间分布上呈现明显的集聚性,即高值或低值区域集中分布,具有较强的空间正相关性;通过O3暴露系数模拟人群室内、室外O3暴露情况,在统计意义上估计得到2017年O3污染共计造成我国全因早逝人数98473例(95%置信区间:53419~143292),其中心血管疾病早逝风险约占45%,以不同学者估算得到的单位统计生命价值为基础,估计得到的健康经济损失在197~978亿元之间,约占2017年全国GDP的0.05%~0.26%.  相似文献   
104.
北京凉水河流域的同位素和水化学特征分析表明:1)地下水水质在100m以浅相对较差,但到2017年为止,水质保持稳定.2)浅层地下水与平原区河水同位素相对富集,且落在同一条蒸发线上;但整体上河水与浅层地下水水化学类型不同,据此推断山前冲洪积扇河水入渗是区域地下水补给的重要来源,下游地下水主要受到侧向径流影响.3)同位素平...  相似文献   
105.
利用源清单法对北京主城区的人为热进行研究,得出不同热源排放总量与时空特征并进行小区验证.结果表明:主城区的人为热年排放总量为1.11×1018J/a,为太阳辐射总量的8.1%,其中建筑排热占人为热排放的45.3%,交通和工业部分分别占30.1%、20.2%;人为排热总量最大的为朝阳和海淀区,占主城区总量的52.2%,最少的东城和大兴区均占7.7%;主城区平均排放强度为14.55W/m2,最大为西城区82.30W/m2,大兴区仅为2.61W/m2;人为热排放高值区多集中于北二环与北四环内,约为60~100W/m2,少数街道和地区排热在150W/m2以上,最高排热强度272~376W/m2为北京CBD区,人为热结果与遥感反演的地表温度有一定的正相关关系;交通排热的月变化不显著,日变化系数在09:00、18:00左右较高,建筑排热在不同季节不同时刻均有明显差别,出现“双峰”现象,同人们作息规律相一致.  相似文献   
106.
    
We investigated the seasonal and spatial ozone variations in China by using three-year surface ozone observation data from the six Chinese Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)stations and tropospheric column ozone data from satellite retrieval over the period2010–2012. It is shown that the seasonal ozone variations at these GAW stations are rather different, particularly between the western and eastern locations. Compared with western China, eastern China has lower background ozone levels. However, the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) can transport photochemical pollutants from the southern to the northern areas in eastern China, leading to a northward gradual enhancement of background ozone levels at the eastern GAW stations. Over China, the tropospheric column ozone densities peak during spring and summer in the areas that are directly and/or indirectly affected by the ASM, and the peak time lags from the south to the north in eastern China. We also investigated the regional representativeness of seasonal variations of ozone at the six Chinese GAW stations using the yearly maximum tropospheric column month as indicator.The results show that the seasonal variation characteristics of ozone revealed by the Chinese GAW stations are typical, with each station having a considerable large surrounding area with the ozone maximum occurring at the same month. Ozone variations at the GAW stations are influenced by many complex factors and their regional representativeness needs to be investigated further in a broader sense.  相似文献   
107.
  总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
The eutrophication problem has drawn attention to nutrient leaching from agricultural soils, and an understanding of spatial and temporal variability is needed to develop decision-making tools. Thus, eleven sites were selected to monitor, over a two-year period, spatial and temporal variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff in sandy agricultural soils. Factors influencing the variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff were analyzed. Variation of annual rainfall was small among 11 sites, especially between 2001 and 2002. However, variation of annual discharge was significant among the sites. The results suggest that rainfall patterns and land use had significant effect on discharge. The concentrations of total N, total kjeldahl N (TKN), organic matter-associated N (OM-N), NO3- -N, and NHn+-N in the runoff ranged widely from 0.25 to 54.1, 0.15 to 20.3, 0.00 to 14.6, 0.00 to 45.3, and 0.00 to 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Spatial and temporal variations in the N concentration and runoff discharge were noted among the different sites. Annual loads of N in the runoff varied widely among monitoring sites and depend mainly on runoff discharge. High loads of total N, OM-N, NO3--N, and NHn+-N in the runoff either in citrus groves or on vegetable farms occurred from June to October for each year, which coincided with the rainy season in the region. This study found that N in surface runoff was related to rainfall intensity, soil N level, and fertilizer use.  相似文献   
108.
    
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds(VOCs) were observed by an on-line gas chromatography-flame ionization detector monitoring system from November 2016 to August 2017 in Beijing.The average concentrations were winter(40.27±25.25 μg/m3)> autumn(34.25±19.90 μg/m3)> summer(32.53±17.39 μg/m3)> spring(24.72±17.22 μg/m3).Although benzene(15.70%),propane(11.02%),ethane(9.32%) and n-butane(6.77%) were the most abundant species,ethylene(14.07%) and propene(11....  相似文献   
109.
本研究基于近20年(2002-2022年)的卫星遥感数据,估算了中国近海分粒径等级(粒级)浮游植物净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP),分析了其时空特征及其影响因素。结果表明:中国近海总NPP和分粒级NPP均呈近岸高、外海低的特征,近岸总NPP由小型浮游植物NPPNPPmicro)主导,外海由微型(NPPnano)和微微型浮游植物NPPNPPpico)贡献,NPPpico贡献更多。在时间上,渤海、长江口等近岸海域总NPP和分粒级NPP均在夏季出现峰值,而黄海中部和东海外海峰值出现在春季,近20年总NPP和分粒级NPP变化趋势较为稳定。总NPPNPPmicro与漫衰减系数呈正相关,与海面风速呈负相关,与海表温度在东海呈负相关,在其他区域呈正相关。NPPnanoNPPpico均与漫衰减系数呈负相关,在东海中部海表温度也呈负向驱动。  相似文献   
110.
利用红外CO_2监测仪对西安南郊3种人工植被不同高度下空气CO_2浓度分别进行了3次昼夜观测,探讨了不同高度空气中CO_2的浓度动态日变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明:西安南郊地区夏季一昼夜内空气中CO_2浓度具有明显变化,从当日上午08:00到次日上午08:00,空气中CO_2浓度变化呈现出由高变低再变高的规律,这种变化特点与昼夜温度变化基本一致,但两者在时间上并不完全同步。CO_2浓度昼夜变化分为四个阶段,第一阶段在08:00—12:00,为CO_2浓度较高阶段,平均浓度为516μL?L~(-1);第二阶段在13:00—21:00,为CO_2浓度最低阶段,平均浓度为483μL?L~(-1);第三阶段在22:00到次日04:00,为CO_2浓度较低阶段,平均浓度为502μL?L~(-1);第四阶段在05:00—07:00,为CO_2浓度最高阶段,平均浓度为533μL?L~(-1)。在2 m高度范围内,空气中CO_2浓度与高度呈负相关关系,与空气湿度呈正相关关系,风速对CO_2昼夜浓度影响较小。白天光合作用强,空气对流作用强,空气中CO_2浓度明显低于夜间。  相似文献   
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