三峡水库水位上升对香溪河流域典型滑坡的影响分析

在三峡水库蓄水后,香溪河流域众多滑坡出现变形失稳现象。白家堡滑坡、耿家坪滑坡、白马滩滑坡在蓄水后的变形特征各不相同。对库水位上升后3个滑坡的变形特征及其渗透性进行了比较研究,表明影响滑坡响应时间的主要因素是滑体的渗透性。以白家堡滑坡为例,利用摩根斯坦-普赖斯法,对不同c、值,进行75~175 m水位线的稳定性系数演算,发现各c、值不同水位线下稳定性系数曲线的变化规律有2种类型,即下降—平直型和下降—上升型,这种变化规律与浸水部位密切相关。     

密云库区1991～2011年水质变化趋势研究

运用多元统计方法分析密云库区1991~2011年17个指标3个监测点的水质时间变异特征.应用聚类分析划分年际尺度上的年际Ⅰ(1991~1993,1995年),年际Ⅱ(1994,1996~2000,2002~2006年),年际Ⅲ(2001,2007~2011年)和季节尺度上的非汛期(11~12月、1~4月),汛期(5-10月).基于此,运用判别分析阐释影响年际及季节水质变异的环境因素,最后运用因子分析识别不同年际段的污染来源和组成.密云水库21年间TP均值(0.03mg/L)略高于地表水Ⅱ类标准,TN均值(0.98mg/L)超过国家Ⅱ类标准的0.96倍,NO3--N是TN均值超标的主要原因,氮磷污染问题仍需要重点监测和治理;库区植物生长状况和密度不均等及人为排放的不固定性使得TP变异系数较大;NO3--N的较大变异系数体现在年际及季节变异性,非点源污染的控制(水土保持、化肥使用量减少、生活污水减少)和网箱养鱼的取消改善了库区21年水质,NO3--N浓度降低,其季节变异发生在特定季节;另外,年际尺度上,气候变化引起了库区T增加;酸性点源减少使p H升高;工业活动、化肥使用等人为影响的SO42-显著上升促进了碳酸盐岩溶解,使EC、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-、T-Hard、T-Alk浓度增加;内源污染减少致使BOD5浓度下降;季节尺度上,季节性气温变动促使非汛期T低于汛期;非汛期碳酸盐岩溶解使Mg2+浓度高于汛期.对比不同年际段的水体污染来源,点源-非点源复合污染转化为以非点源污染为主,21年间非汛期地下水补给过程中碳酸盐岩的溶解作用一直影响水体化学特性,汛期降水径流携带的污染物直接影响水质状况,氮素污染组成简化,以NO3--N为主.控制流域水土流失、畜禽养殖、化肥使用等非点源污染,增强水利流通性,及时清理底泥及沉积物,能够有效减少库区氮磷,有机物及离子污染.     

Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Controlling the Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations and Fluxes in a Large Tropical River, India

Carbon studies in tropical rivers have gained significance since it was realized that a significant chunk of anthropogenic CO₂ emitted into the atmosphere returns to the biosphere, that is eventually transported by the river and locked up in coastal sediments for a few thousand years. Carbon studies are also significant because dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is known to complex the toxic trace metals in the river and carry them in the dissolved form. For the first time, this work has made an attempt to study the variations in DOC concentrations in space and time for a period of 19 months, and estimate their fluxes in the largest peninsular Indian river, the Godavari at Rajahmundry. Anthropogenic influence on DOC concentrations possibly from the number of bathing ghats along the banks and domestic sewage discharge into the river are evident during the pre-monsoon of 2004 and 2005. The rise in DOC concentrations at the onset of monsoon could be due to the contributions from flood plains and soils from the river catchment. Spatial variations highlighted that the DOC concentrations in the river are affected more by the anthropogenic discharges in the downstream than in the upstream. The discharge weighted DOC concentrations in the Godavari river is 3–12 times lower than Ganga-Brahmaputra, Indus and major Chinese rivers. The total carbon fluxes from the Godavari into the Bay of Bengal is insignificant (0.5%) compared to the total carbon discharges by major rivers of the world into oceans.     

MODIS derived fire characteristics and aerosol optical depth variations during the agricultural residue burning season, north India

Agricultural residue burning is one of the major causes of greenhouse gas emissions and aerosols in the Indo-Ganges region. In this study, we characterize the fire intensity, seasonality, variability, fire radiative energy (FRE) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) variations during the agricultural residue burning season using MODIS data. Fire counts exhibited significant bi-modal activity, with peak occurrences during April-May and October-November corresponding to wheat and rice residue burning episodes. The FRE variations coincided with the amount of residues burnt. The mean AOD (2003-2008) was 0.60 with 0.87 (+1σ) and 0.32 (−1σ). The increased AOD during the winter coincided well with the fire counts during rice residue burning season. In contrast, the AOD-fire signal was weak during the summer wheat residue burning and attributed to dust and fossil fuel combustion. Our results highlight the need for ‘full accounting of GHG’s and aerosols’, for addressing the air quality in the study area.     

汉江中下游水质时空变异与驱动因素识别

汉江是南水北调中线工程主要水源区和影响区,近年来汉江中下游水生态环境质量退化严重,河流水华频繁暴发,科学识别水环境质量时空变异及主要驱动因素成为优化上游调水工程重要管理需求.本研究基于近年汉江水文水质多源数据,综合利用Daniel趋势检验、MK突变分析、K-means聚类、空间相异度和冗余分析等数学方法,系统揭示了汉江中下游水质时空变异特征及关键影响因素.结果表明：①近年汉江干流水质总体较好,总体处于Ⅱ类,中下游部分断面水质为Ⅲ类;多项水质指标多年来总体较好,但总磷和总氮负荷较高,近年10个断面总磷和总氮平均浓度分别处于0.028~0.263mg·L^-1和0.630~1.852mg·L^-1水平;②时间变化上,Daniel和MK突变结果发现2004~2018年宗关站总磷和总氮年变化趋势不显著,其它多项水质指标也无明显年变化趋势;枯水期主要水质指标总氮、氨氮和五日生化需氧量总体大于丰水期,化学需氧量不同点位呈现出不同的丰枯变化规律,总磷丰水期浓度下降不明显;③空间分布上,K-means聚类和空间相异度结果发现不同断面水质指标变化趋势差异较大,10个水质监测断面总体上可以聚类为3类,上游水质指标最好,中游次之,下游较差;值得注意的是,下游小河等断面多项水质指标均趋于改善,可能与近年来实施的控源减排和清澈养殖等保护行动和措施有关;④在总体较高的氮磷负荷条件下,流量和水温是影响汉江中下游3个分区河流水质指标的重要因素,其中流量在上、下游对水质贡献率较大,水温则在中游贡献率最大.     

Spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen exported by runo from sandy agricultural soils

The eutrophication problem has drawn attention to nutrient leaching from agricultural soils, and an understanding of spatial and temporal variability is needed to develop decision-making tools. Thus, eleven sites were selected to monitor, over a two-year period, spatial and temporal variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff in sandy agricultural soils. Factors influencing the variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff were analyzed. Variation of annual rainfall was small among 11 sites, especially between 2001 and 2002. However, variation of annual discharge was significant among the sites. The results suggest that rainfall patterns and land use had significant effect on discharge. The concentrations of total N, total kjeldahl N （TKN）, organic matter-associated N （OM-N）, NO3- -N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff ranged widely from 0.25 to 54.1, 0.15 to 20.3, 0.00 to 14.6, 0.00 to 45.3, and 0.00 to 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Spatial and temporal variations in the N concentration and runoff discharge were noted among the different sites. Annual loads of N in the runoff varied widely among monitoring sites and depend mainly on runoff discharge. High loads of total N, OM-N, NO3--N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff either in citrus groves or on vegetable farms occurred from June to October for each year, which coincided with the rainy season in the region. This study found that N in surface runoff was related to rainfall intensity, soil N level, and fertilizer use.     

北京主城区人为热排放的时空特征研究

利用源清单法对北京主城区的人为热进行研究,得出不同热源排放总量与时空特征并进行小区验证.结果表明：主城区的人为热年排放总量为1.11×10¹⁸J/a,为太阳辐射总量的8.1%,其中建筑排热占人为热排放的45.3%,交通和工业部分分别占30.1%、20.2%;人为排热总量最大的为朝阳和海淀区,占主城区总量的52.2%,最少的东城和大兴区均占7.7%;主城区平均排放强度为14.55W/m²,最大为西城区82.30W/m²,大兴区仅为2.61W/m²;人为热排放高值区多集中于北二环与北四环内,约为60~100W/m²,少数街道和地区排热在150W/m²以上,最高排热强度272~376W/m²为北京CBD区,人为热结果与遥感反演的地表温度有一定的正相关关系;交通排热的月变化不显著,日变化系数在09：00、18：00左右较高,建筑排热在不同季节不同时刻均有明显差别,出现“双峰”现象,同人们作息规律相一致.     

Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by di erent vegetables

It is an important approach to use the Cd-contaminated soils properly by growing low accumulator or excluder plants for Cd to produce safe foods. To find the suitable vegetable species for growing in Cd-contaminated soils, in the present study the variations in the Cd accumulation for twenty eight vegetable species and several cultivars of five common vegetables (cowpea, kidney pea, bitter gourd, cucumber and squash) were investigated in two soil Cd levels (1 and 2 mg/kg Cd). Experimental results showed that highly significant di erences in Cd concentration were evident among 28 vegetables. For example, spinach Cd concentrations were 110-fold and 175-fold higher than that of sweet pea under the 1 and 2 mg/kg Cd exposures, respectively. For Cd accumulation, the order of vegetable species was: leafy vegetables > solanaceous vegetables > kale vegetables > root vegetables > allimus > melon vegetables > legumes. Distinctive di erences were also identified when comparing di erent cultivars of the five common vegetables with an average range of 0.003–0.094 mg/kg Cd. Our results indicated that a large genotypic variation existed among vegetable species or cultivars when subjected to Cd exposure. Therefore, it is important and feasible to elect/breed vegetable species/cultivars with low accumulation of Cd, especially in mildly Cd-contaminated soils.     

香港大气气溶胶组成与特征

选用香港空气质量监测网中11个监测站1990～1994年间TSP（总悬浮粒子）和RSP（可吸入悬浮粒子）的监测数据,分析香港大气气溶胶的化学组成与时空变化。香港大气气溶胶的浓度较低,其浓度的季节变化主要受气候变化的影响。C是大气气溶胶中最重要的化学成分,它支配着气溶胶的季节和空间变化。SO^2-₄、NH⁺₄和NO^-₃的浓度很低,空间分布很均匀,其季节变化主要受东亚季风控制。海洋气溶胶主要以较大的颗粒形式存在,它的来源稳定且空间分布较均匀。扬尘浓度主要受降雨和湿度的影响。V和Ni浓度的季节变化与燃料油消耗量的季节变化相同,其空间的变化反映了当地工业窑炉排放对香港气溶胶的影响     

新水沙条件下长江中下游干流水体总磷时空变化分析

长江干流三峡及上游水库群陆续建成运行后,中下游干流水体已形成新的水沙条件,其对水体磷含量的影响备受关注.为此,研究了新水沙条件下中下游干流总磷浓度的时空分布特征.结果表明:①三峡蓄水后,长江中下游干流水体TCP(澄清30min样品)浓度基本在0.10～0.15 mg·L^-1之间变动,在时间尺度上总体呈先上升后降低趋势,在空间尺度上沿程呈现升高趋势;水体中溶解态总磷(TDP)浓度随时间推移缓慢升高.②水体中可沉降固体对不同江段水体中磷含量存在不同程度影响,南津关、汉口和吴淞口下23 km这3个断面TCP/TP比值中位值分别为0.900、0.720和0.609,从上游到下游依次降低;水体中溶解态总磷(TDP)占总磷(TP)比例沿程呈下降趋势,而颗粒磷(TPP)占总磷(TP)比例沿程呈上升趋势,南津关、汉口、吴淞口下23 km等3个断面TPP/TP比值中位值分别为0.439、0.567和0.738.③按照《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)要求,以TCP浓度进行水质评价,评价结果显示长江中下游干流水质总体良好.但若考虑水体中可沉降固体影响,以水体总磷(TP...