WETLAND BOUNDARIES IN THE NEW JERSEY PINELANDS: ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AND DELINEATION1

Wetland protection regulations and guidelines often require the delineation of precise wetland boundaries on a case-by-case basis. In this study, conducted in the New Jersey Pinelands, an ecological characterization of vegetation composition, soil and hydrologic relationships along upland to wetland Pinus rigida - dominated transittions provided the basis for a multiparameter approach to wetland boundary delineation. The transitional data set was analyzed by direct gradient analysis, cluster analysis and ordination. It is concluded that vegetation composition can be a principal factor in delineating wetland boundaries along natural upland to wetland transitions. However, where distinct vegetation changes are not observed, a feature of our study sites, a multiparameter approach should be used.     

垃圾渗滤液污染含水层不同氧化还原带沉积物的pH缓冲能力

通过砂柱模拟实验研究含水层沉积物的pH缓冲能力及其在不同氧化还原带中的变化.结果表明,pH缓冲容量的本底值为324.93.pH-1mmol/kg,其中阳离子交换缓冲容量、碳酸钙缓冲容量、硅酸盐缓冲容量和次级缓冲容量的本底值分别为41.77.pH-1、86.53.pH-1、47.33.pH-1和149.31.pH-1mmol/kg.产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带(MGZ/SRZ)、铁还原带(IRZ)、硝酸盐还原带(NRZ)和氧还原带(ORZ)中总的pH缓冲容量相对于本底值依次分别增加了12.4%、10.8%、19.8%和11.1%;各氧化还原带沉积物中的交换性阳离子(CEC)和交换性盐基离子(BEC)均小于本底值的11.59.pH-1和8.52.pH-1mmol/kg,各氧化还原带沉积物的盐基饱和度先升高后降低,都高于本底值的63.47%.因此,含水层沉积物有较强的pH缓冲能力.对垃圾渗滤液污染含水层不同氧化还原带沉积物pH缓冲能力的研究可为污染场地的修复提供理论依据.     

渗滤液污染羽中氧化还原带的动态发展演化研究

通过砂箱模拟实验研究了垃圾渗滤液污染羽中氧化还原带的动态发展和演化过程.结果表明,随着时间的推移和污染程度的加重,各氧化还原带不断向前推移,产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带的范围不断扩大,随后出现惰性区.在氧化还原带的整个演化过程中,各带中TOC、硫化物、NH 4 -N、HC03-3、CO2和Fe2 等物质的浓度随时间的推移而升高,随离污染源距离的增加而降低;NO-3和DO等物质的浓度随时间的推移而减小,随离污染源距离的增加而升高;SO2-4的浓度则随时间的推移先减小而后增加,随离污染源距离的增加而降低.而且,随着污染程度的加重,沉积物中Fe3 含量降低, TOC含量升高.在氧还原带、硝酸盐还原带、铁还原带和产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带沉积物中, Fe3 由占OXC的70.5%分别减小为56.3%、41%、28.3%和15%;TOC由占RDC的98.7%分别升高为102.0%、107.0%、142.9%和162.1%;Fe2 主要以PeS和FeCO3,沉淀形式沉积下来,分别占总Fe2 的80.6%、175.6%、377.7%和555.1%.     

广西百色不同功能区土壤重金属污染与来源

以百色城区及周边县城土壤为研究对象,测定不同功能区(清洁区、矿区、工业区和城市中心区)土壤Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd、As和Hg含量,采用地质累积指数法评价重金属污染水平。结果表明,百色地区土壤重金属含量差异很大,除Cu以外,工矿区土壤重金属污染达到中度污染水平以上,其中Cd达到强污染水平;清洁区和城市中心区土壤大部分重金属元素则处于无污染水平。采用主因子分析法分析了矿区和工业区土壤重金属可能的污染源,结果显示工矿区土壤重金属可能有三个来源:工业源的Co、Ni、Pb、As、Hg,混合源的Cd、Cr、As、Zn,自然源的Cu、Zn。     

Control of membrane fouling during hyperhaline municipal wastewater treatment using a pilot-scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor system

Membrane fouling limits the effects of long-term stable operation of membrane bioreactor (MBR). Control of membrane fouling can extend the membrane life and reduce water treatment cost effectively. A pilot scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR, 40 L/hr) was used to treat the hyperhaline municipal sewage from a processing zone of Tianjin, China. Impact factors including mixed liquid sludge suspension (MLSS), sludge viscosity (μup), microorganisms, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), aeration intensity and suction/suspended time on membrane fouling and pollution control were studied. The relationships among various factors associated with membrane fouling were analyzed. Results showed that there was a positive correlation among MLSS, sludge viscosity and trans-membrane pressure (TMP). Considering water treatment efficiency and stable operation of the membrane module, MLSS of 5 g/L was suggested for the process. There was a same trend among EPS, sludge viscosity and TMP. Numbers and species of microorganisms affected membrane fouling. Either too high or too low aeration intensity was not conducive to membrane fouling control. Aeration intensity of 1.0 m³/hr (gas/water ratio of 25:1) is suggested for the process. A long suction time caused a rapid increase in membrane resistance. However, long suspended time cannot prevent the increase of membrane resistance effectively even though a suspended time was necessary for scale off particles from the membrane surface. The suction/suspended time of 12 min/3 min was selected for the process. The interaction of various environmental factors and operation conditions must be considered synthetically.     

注氮量对采空区自燃三带分布影响的数值模拟

为研究注氮对采空区自燃三带分布的影响,建立了二维注氮采空区渗流场的数学模型,研究了注氮量的变化对采空区流场分布的影响,得到了注氮采空区自燃三带的分布规律。结果表明,随着注氮量的增大,散热带增宽,氧化带向采空区深部移动,距注氮源越近三带所受影响越大,并分析了注氮量对工作面氧浓度分布的影响。     

厦门不同功能区VOCs的污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解厦门市不同功能区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征和健康风险,于2014年3—8月在厦门市开展大气样品的采集,利用预浓缩系统和气相色谱质谱联用技术进行VOCs含量的定量分析,并采用美国EPA人体暴露风险评价方法对VOCs进行人群健康风险的初步评价.结果表明,各功能区VOCs的平均质量浓度差异较明显,表现为工业区(120.88μg·m-3)交通区(104.41μg·m-3)开发区(84.06μg·m-3)港口区(80.78μg·m-3)居民区(58.75μg·m-3)背景区(41.46μg·m-3).背景区、居民区、交通区、开发区和港口区各类VOCs浓度均表现为烷烃芳香烃烯烃,工业区则表现为芳香烃烷烃烯烃.除背景区外各功能区VOCs浓度在6月最低,而除工业区外各功能区浓度在8月最高.温度和风等气象因素是导致VOCs浓度变化的重要原因.苯、甲苯、乙苯、间,对二甲苯和邻二甲苯(BTEX)在各功能区总芳香烃中所占的比例为65.20%~78.73%.各功能区BTEX的非致癌风险均表现为甲苯乙苯邻二甲苯间,对二甲苯苯,在9.73×10-4~1.33×10-1之间,均在安全范围内,而苯的致癌风险在1.23×10-5~3.08×10-5之间,超出安全范围,存在较大的致癌风险.     

AMBI方法评价环渤海潮间带底栖生态质量的适用性

AMBI(AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index)可以有效地评价河口和近岸海域软底质底栖生态质量状况.本文根据2008年9月16日至28日在环渤海潮间带采集的大型底栖动物资料,采用AMBI法并结合香农-威纳多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener index,H),对环渤海11个潮间带30个潮区的生态质量状况进行评价.结果表明,环渤海潮间带生态系统皆受到不同程度的干扰.与H法相比,AMBI法在评价底栖群落质量状况方面更敏感,而H法则对环境污染状况的指示作用更敏感.与2008年辽宁、河北及山东的《海洋环境质量公报》相比,AMBI法得出的环渤海潮间带环境污染程度,普遍比H法及各省海洋环境质量公报评价的程度轻微.     

抓住机遇创新开拓打好天津市环境保护“一控双达标”攻坚战

本文全面回顾了１９９８年天津市环境保护工作,分析了当前形势以及进一步做好工作应把握的几个问题。围绕抓住机遇,打好天津市环境保护“一控双达标”攻坚战,提出了１９９９年的工作目标任务及具体措施。     

Striking a Balance between Biodiversity Conservation and Socioeconomic Viability in the Design of Marine Protected Areas

Abstract: The establishment of marine protected areas is often viewed as a conflict between conservation and fishing. We considered consumptive and nonconsumptive interests of multiple stakeholders (i.e., fishers, scuba divers, conservationists, managers, scientists) in the systematic design of a network of marine protected areas along California's central coast in the context of the Marine Life Protection Act Initiative. With advice from managers, administrators, and scientists, a representative group of stakeholders defined biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic goals that accommodated social needs and conserved marine ecosystems, consistent with legal requirements. To satisfy biodiversity goals, we targeted 11 marine habitats across 5 depth zones, areas of high species diversity, and areas containing species of special status. We minimized adverse socioeconomic impacts by minimizing negative effects on fishers. We included fine‐scale fishing data from the recreational and commercial fishing sectors across 24 fisheries. Protected areas designed with consideration of commercial and recreational fisheries reduced potential impact to the fisheries approximately 21% more than protected areas designed without consideration of fishing effort and resulted in a small increase in the total area protected (approximately 3.4%). We incorporated confidential fishing data without revealing the identity of specific fisheries or individual fishing grounds. We sited a portion of the protected areas near land parks, marine laboratories, and scientific monitoring sites to address nonconsumptive socioeconomic goals. Our results show that a stakeholder‐driven design process can use systematic conservation‐planning methods to successfully produce options for network design that satisfy multiple conservation and socioeconomic objectives. Marine protected areas that incorporate multiple stakeholder interests without compromising biodiversity conservation goals are more likely to protect marine ecosystems.