饱和带有机污染物的厌氧反硝化微生物降解

以卤代烃和芳香烃为代表,通过室内实验模拟饱和带厌氧反硝化环境,对地下饱和带中有机污染物的厌氧反硝化可生物降解性,降解机理,降解动力学方程等进行了研究。实验结果表明,芳香烃较卤代烃易被微生物降解,在有低学葡萄糖存在时有 机物的最大生物降解速率Ｃ６Ｈ６：Ｌｍａｘ＝１７ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）,Ｃ７Ｈ８：Ｌｍａｘ＝４６ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）,ＣＣｌ４;Ｌｍａｘ＝７ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）,ＣＨＣｌ３：Ｌｍａｘ＝６     

广州市大气颗粒物显微组分分布及其与优控多环芳烃浓度的关系

对广州市不同功能区秋季大气颗粒物显微组分的优控多环芳烃的研究表明,颗粒物显微组分主要是碳球,微粒有机质,有机质碎屑,各种矿物,生物碎屑等,不同功能区颗粒物组分的组 合有所差异。它们主要来源于人为,地质和生物成因。研究区检美国环保局提出的优控制ＰＡＨ为１５种,其浓度为２７．３８－２２８．５６ｎｇ／ｍ＾３,且随功能区不同的而变化。碳球、闰有机质和有 机质碎屑百分含量与优控多环芳烃浓度很好的相关性。     

基于热流固耦合工作面前方瓦斯渗流数值模拟

通过分析温度和地应力对深部煤体瓦斯运移规律的影响,建立了瓦斯渗流热流固耦合模型,以贵州省松和煤矿15#煤层12150采煤工作面为例,利用ComsolMultiphysics软件对深部煤层工作面前方瓦斯渗流进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:受采动影响,在工作面前方“三带”中,卸压区存在大量新裂隙和通道,瓦斯压力梯度最大;在应力集中区至卸压区过渡段瓦斯压力下降速度最快,解释了在该区容易导致瓦斯突出的原因;在应力集中区,瓦斯压力和有效应力较高,压缩煤体,导致煤颗粒排列紧密,渗透率降低;在卸压区,煤体体积形变逐渐变大,产生了很多新裂隙,发生扩容,渗流通道贯通,导致渗透率急剧增加,因此在应力最大处形成了煤层渗透率最低点,随着时间的推移,渗透率最低点逐步远离工作面;在采煤工作面前方,虽然温度升高后瓦斯热运动加剧,有促进瓦斯渗透率的趋势,但由于工作面前方有效应力较大,煤体受热膨胀应力小于有效应力,导致煤体内膨胀,渗流空间减小,造成渗透率降低。     

塔里木河重要生态功能区生态环境质量评价

采用长时间多源遥感数据对塔里木河重要生态功能区进行了土地利用变化、植被指数分析,同时结合多年地面调查监测数据,系统分析了区域生态环境变化情况,并对近五年区域生态环境质量开展了评价,环境质量变化值ΔI为2.58,生态环境质量略有下降,其中环境状况指标和植被覆盖率指数起主导作用。     

模糊聚类分析法在声环境功能区划分中的应用

基于聚类分析和模糊数学的基本原理,运用模糊聚类分析的方法在南通市声环境功能区调整中对难以确定功能区的部分单元进行模糊聚类分析。通过分类,将具有共性的单元划归一类。结果表明,类别的划分突出了特性,反映了不同类别功能区的差异,对难以确定功能类别的单元归属起了科学、客观的辅助作用。     

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING AND HEALTH1

ABSTRACT: We review published analyses of the effects of climate change on goods and services provided by freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Climate-induced changes must be assessed in the context of massive anthropogenic changes in water quantity and quality resulting from altered patterns of land use, water withdrawal, and species invasions; these may dwarf or exacerbate climate-induced changes. Water to meet instream needs is competing with other uses of water, and that competition is likely to be increased by climate change. We review recent predictions of the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems in eight regions of North America. Impacts include warmer temperatures that alter lake mixing regimes and availability of fish habitat; changed magnitude and seasonality of runoff regimes that alter nutrient loading and limit habitat availability at low flow; and loss of prairie pothole wetlands that reduces waterfowl populations. Many of the predicted changes in aquatic ecosystems are a consequence of climatic effects on terrestrial ecosystems; shifts in riparian vegetation and hydrology are particularly critical. We review models that could be used to explore potential effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems; these include models of instream flow, bioenergetics models, nutrient spiraling models, and models relating riverine food webs to hydrologic regime. We discuss potential ecological risks, benefits, and costs of climate change and identify information needs and model improvements that are required to improve our ability to predict and identify climate change impacts and to evaluate management options.     

基于企业抽样调查的无锡省级开发区工业行业土地集约利用评价

以无锡市区5个省级开发区为研究对象,基于抽样调查资料,从土地利用结构、土地利用强度和投入产出等方面分析了无锡市区省级开发区土地利用现状,对不同行业土地集约利用状况进行了定量评价。结果显示：电气机械及器材制造业土地集约利用水平较高,在08以上;交通运输设备制造业、通用设备制造业和通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业的土地集约利用水平在075以上;橡胶制品业的综合集约度在07以上;其次是专用设备制造业和仪器仪表及文化、办公用机械制造业,为06以上;塑料制品业、金属制品业、纺织业和化学原料及化学制品制造业的土地集约利用水平相对较低,不到06。要合理控制开发区规模,不断提高开发区的经济效益;对新进项目设置明确的入园门槛,加大开发区内部的空间挖潜力度;完善土地利用的管理机制,严格开发区内工业用地的招拍挂出让制度。建立集约用地的考核制度,加强对集约用地的监督     

Effects of seascape connectivity on reserve performance along exposed coastlines

Seascape connectivity (landscape connectivity in the sea) can modify reserve performance in low-energy marine ecosystems (e.g., coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass), but it is not clear whether similar spatial linkages also shape reserve effectiveness on high-energy, exposed coastlines. We used the surf zones of ocean beaches in eastern Australia as a model system to test how seascape connectivity and reserve attributes combine to shape conservation outcomes. Spatial patterns in fish assemblages were measured using baited remote underwater video stations in 12 marine reserves and 15 fished beaches across 2000 km of exposed coastline. Reserve performance was shaped by both the characteristics of reserves and the spatial properties of the coastal seascapes in which reserves were embedded. Number of fish species and abundance of harvested fishes were highest in surf-zone reserves that encompassed >1.5 km of the surf zone; were located < 100 m to rocky headlands; and included pocket beaches in a heterogeneous seascape. Conservation outcomes for exposed coastlines may, therefore, be enhanced by prioritizing sufficiently large areas of seascapes that are strongly linked to abutting complementary habitats. Our findings have broader implications for coastal conservation planning. Empirical data to describe how the ecological features of high-energy shorelines influence conservation outcomes are lacking, and we suggest that seascape connectivity may have similar ecological effects on reserve performance on both sheltered and exposed coastlines.     

青藏高原东缘三江流域生态功能区建设的措施与影响

三江流域生态环境极度脆弱,严重威胁着中下游地区的社会安全和经济发展。随着西部开发和生态建设的推进,尤其是本地区“香格里拉”旅游热潮的兴起,三江流域已经成为西部开发的重要地区。通过三江流域的生态环境功能区的界定和划分,科学制定研究区的生态环境建设目标,并进行生态环境质量的动态监测和退化过程的预警报,从而在宏观上实现生态环境质量动态管理;通过退化生态系统的恢复重建模式的研究,特别是功能区的建设示范,把目前的生态恢复工程提高到一个新的水平;为保护生物多样性资源,实现区域生态、经济、社会可持续发展提供理论支撑。     

Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Riparian Zones: Potential for Improved Water Quality Management1

Vidon, Philippe, Craig Allan, Douglas Burns, Tim P. Duval, Noel Gurwick, Shreeram Inamdar, Richard Lowrance, Judy Okay, Durelle Scott, and Steve Sebestyen, 2010. Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Riparian Zones: Potential for Improved Water Quality Management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):278-298. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00420.x Abstract: Biogeochemical and hydrological processes in riparian zones regulate contaminant movement to receiving waters and often mitigate the impact of upland sources of contaminants on water quality. These heterogeneous processes have recently been conceptualized as “hot spots and moments” of retention, degradation, or production. Nevertheless, studies investigating the importance of hot phenomena (spots and moments) in riparian zones have thus far largely focused on nitrogen (N) despite compelling evidence that a variety of elements, chemicals, and particulate contaminant cycles are subject to the influence of both biogeochemical and transport hot spots and moments. In addition to N, this review summarizes current knowledge for phosphorus, organic matter, pesticides, and mercury across riparian zones, identifies variables controlling the occurrence and magnitude of hot phenomena in riparian zones for these contaminants, and discusses the implications for riparian zone management of recognizing the importance of hot phenomena in annual solute budgets at the watershed scale. Examples are presented to show that biogeochemical process-driven hot spots and moments occur along the stream/riparian zone/upland interface for a wide variety of constituents. A basic understanding of the possible co-occurrence of hot spots and moments for a variety of contaminants in riparian systems will increase our understanding of the influence of riparian zones on water quality and guide management strategies to enhance nutrient or pollutant removal at the landscape scale.