LNG accident dynamic simulation: Application for hazardous consequence reduction

The evaluation of exclusion (hazard) zones around the LNG stations is essential for risk assessment in LNG industry. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been conducted for the two potential hazards, LNG flammable vapor dispersion and LNG pool fire radiation, respectively, to evaluate the exclusion zones. The spatial and temporal distribution of hazard in complex spill scenario has been taken into account in the CFD model. Experimental data from Falcon and Montoir field tests have been used to validate the simulation results. With the valid CFD model, the mitigation of the vapor dispersion with spray water curtains and the pool fire with high expansion foam were investigated. The spray water curtains were studied as a shield to prevent LNG vapor dispersing, and two types of water spray curtain, flat and cone, were analyzed to show their performance for reduction and minimization of the hazard influencing distance and area. The high expansion foam firefighting process was studied with dynamic simulation of the foam action, and the characteristics of the foam action on the reduction of LNG vaporization rate, vapor cloud and flame size as well as the thermal radiation hazard were analyzed and discussed.     

Environmental management policy in a coastal tourism municipality: the case study of Cervia (Italy)

The sustainability concept applied to human activities implies the need to harmonise the protection of environment with a satisfactory economic and social development. This is particularly true for tourism development: a misuse of the natural resources can cause a degradation of the tourist appeal of the destination, bringing it finally to its economic decline. This problem is particularly important in coastal tourism destinations. The implementation of an environmental management system is a powerful way for progressing towards better environmental performances. In this paper, the main results obtained in applying the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme procedure to the municipality of Cervia, a well-known tourist destination located on the Adriatic coast of Italy are described. This research puts into evidence that the main environmental pressures in the summer season are related to the supply of potable water, the production of solid wastes and wastewater air pollution and noise, etc. However, if correctly planned and managed, tourism can also contribute to environmental protection, to the conservation of biodiversity and to a sustainable use of natural resources.     

蓄滞洪区可持续发展评价指标体系及案例研究

本文以蓄滞洪区复合系统为评价对象，在对相关子系统进行综合分析的基础上，设计了可持续发展评价指标体系，并以洪湖蓄滞洪区为实例，对其发展资本、发展水平、防洪情势和综合发展度进行了评价，分析了洪湖蓄滞洪区各个子系统之间的协调关系。评价结果表明：洪湖蓄滞洪区的发展资本和发展水平都处于比较良好的状态，防洪情势为风险型，是洪湖蓄滞洪区可持续发展的制约因素。洪湖蓄滞洪区实现可持续发展的重点是解决社会经济与防洪子系统之间的矛盾，加强防洪子系统的发展，改善社会经济结构，同时注意保护和利用环境。     

Monitoring a Recent Delta Formation in a Tropical Coastal Wetland Using Remote Sensing and GIS. Case Study: Guapo River Delta, Laguna de Tacarigua, Venezuela

The integrated use of remotely sensed data and GIS to monitor a rapid recent delta formation was undertaken in the Tacarigua Lagoon, a mangrove coastal protected wetland in the north-central coast of Venezuela. Recently, the resource value of coastal wetlands such as coastal lagoons and deltas, has brought about a need to protect and conserve these ecosystems. To that end, valuable resources such as these should be continuously monitored so that temporal changes in their environment can be analysed. The importance of determining the cause, extent, and spatial distribution of these changes can then be used in different aspects of environmental studies, land suitability analyses and for wise resource management. Aerospace data interpretation and a field survey were utilised to study the formation of the Guapo River delta within the Tacarigua Lagoon and to map the expansion that this depositional environment has undergone. A historical set of aerial photographs and a radar image, together with a GIS, were used to assess the growth of the delta from the beginning of its formation up to the present time.     

发展循环经济 建设生态型开发区

发展循环经济,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,是党中央、国务院在新时期的重大决策。改革开放以来,开发区的建设,一直走在经济建设的最前沿。随着经济社会的快速发展,开发区在资源与环境方面面临着越来越多的压力,如何解决前进中的种种矛盾,处理好人、资源与环境和谐发展的关系,发展循环经济,建设生态型开发区,成为今后工作的重点。在结合多次实地调研和深入研究的基础上,对我国建设生态型开发区提出一些思考和建议。     

外加可溶性碳、氮对不同热量带土壤氨挥发的影响

在室内条件下采用静态吸收法,研究了外加可溶性碳、氮对不同热量带经长期施肥的3种农田土壤:黑土、潮褐土和红壤氨挥发的影响.结果表明,施用氮肥显著促进了土壤氨挥发,在单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮条件下,不同热量带土壤氨挥发量从高到低分别为潮褐土(14.3、 7.37 mg·kg~(-1)),黑土(1.52、 1.11 mg·kg~(-1)),红壤(0.998、 0.402 mg·kg~(-1)).添加可溶性碳显著减少土壤因施氮肥产生的氨挥发量,其中黑土减少27.0%,潮褐土减少48.5%,红壤减少60.0%.在黑土、潮褐土长期不同施肥土壤中,单施氮肥后氨挥发量均表现为无肥土壤 > 化肥土壤 > 化肥+有机肥土壤,与可溶性碳配施氮后氨挥发量变化规律相反;在红壤长期不同施肥土壤中,单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮后氨挥发量均表现为无肥土壤 > 化肥土壤 > 化肥+有机肥土壤.研究结果还表明,外加可溶性碳、氮后,潮褐土铵态氮含量的减少幅度和硝态氮含量的增加幅度均显著高于黑土和红壤,说明潮褐土中氮素损失潜能大.     

嘉山台地电阻率各类变化的判定与分析

本文以嘉山台地电阻率数字化改造后的观测资料为基础,在台址条件、资料质量、干扰因素等方面进行了较为系统的整理,总结了地电阻率观测中的非震现象、典型干扰的变化及影响观测精度的因素,对干扰机制也进行了必要的判断,同时对嘉山台地电阻率的映震效能进行了尝试性的分析,为同类型地电台有效地识别和排除干扰提供参考和借鉴。     

两种不同生态区坡改梯对土壤氮磷含量影响的研究

分别在干热河谷生态区和华西雨屏生态区的坡改梯地区设置试验小区和对照试验区,通过采集土壤样品进行室内分析,研究在不同的坡位、不同的季节变化下两种生态区实施坡改梯措施对土壤养分保持的效果.干热河谷生态区以清溪小流域为例,华西雨屏生态区以凤鸣小流域为例.试验结果表明,在两个生态区的坡改梯工程试验区,空间上,各个坡位氮磷养分的...     

福州市不同功能区土壤中多环芳烃的含量及其源解析

对福州市不同土地利用类型下5种功能区(加油站、工业区、文教区、公园和居民区)的50个土壤样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行了分析,并对土壤中PAHs的污染程度进行了评价,同时应用因子分析/多元线性回归方法对不同功能区土壤中PAHs的来源进行了解析.结果表明,福州市表层土壤中PAHs总含量的平均值为595.9μg/kg,在国内外处于中等含量水平,为轻度污染.土壤中PAHs来源以化石燃料的燃烧源为主,煤的燃烧占53%,石油燃烧占47%.不同功能区土壤都存在一定程度的PAHs污染,15种PAHs总量的大小顺序为加油站>工业区>居民区>文教区>公园,不同功能区土壤中PAHs的来源虽然有所差异,但都以化石燃料燃烧为主要来源.     

Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept?

Resilience is widely seen as a desirable system property in environmental management. This paper explores the concept of resilience to natural hazards, using weather-related hazards in coastal megacities as an example. The paper draws on the wide literature on megacities, coastal hazards, hazard risk reduction strategies, and resilience within environmental management. Some analysts define resilience as a system attribute, whilst others use it as an umbrella concept for a range of system attributes deemed desirable. These umbrella concepts have not been made operational to support planning or management. It is recommended that resilience only be used in a restricted sense to describe specific system attributes concerning (i) the amount of disturbance a system can absorb and still remain within the same state or domain of attraction and (ii) the degree to which the system is capable of self-organisation. The concept of adaptive capacity, which has emerged in the context of climate change, can then be adopted as the umbrella concept, where resilience will be one factor influencing adaptive capacity. This improvement to conceptual clarity would foster much-needed communication between the natural hazards and the climate change communities and, more importantly, offers greater potential in application, especially when attempting to move away from disaster recovery to hazard prediction, disaster prevention, and preparedness.