火山断陷盆地的边缘成矿论

火山断陷盆地是构造-岩浆-地热体系的最活跃场所。大中型热液矿床往往赋存于盆地边缘。高渗透构造破碎带、基底和火山盖层建造的相应组合、多阶段次火山岩的侵入、配套的水文地质环境构成了盆边热源、矿源、水源、矿质沉淀空间的最佳匹配条件。因此．盆地边缘作为矿床预测和靶区优选的显著目标值得找矿者的高度重视。     

不同植被带生态恢复过程土壤团聚体及其稳定性——以黄土高原为例

为分析黄土高原不同植被带植被恢复对土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性的影响,以黄土高原从北到南不同纬度梯度分布的3个典型植被类型区域（草原带、森林草原带和森林带）为研究对象,对不同植被类型和恢复年限下的土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性进行了研究.结果表明：不同植被带对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性影响显著,大于0.25mm团聚体含量（WR_0.25）、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径（E_WMD）、水稳性团聚体几何平均直径（E_GMD）和有机质含量（SOM）整体上均表现为：森林带 > 森林草原带 > 草原带.不同植被带下不同恢复类型对土壤团聚体及其稳定性影响不一,森林草原带表现为灌木 > 草地 > 乔木,森林带则表现为乔木 > 草地.随植被恢复年限增大,各种恢复类型WR_0.25、E_GMD、SOM整体呈逐渐增加趋势,团聚体结构破坏率（PAD）和可蚀性因子（K）呈现相反的变化趋势;分形维数（D）无显著差异.冗余分析表明,植被带对土壤团聚体及其稳定性的影响最大,其次是恢复年限,恢复类型与植被带和恢复年限具有较强的交互作用.本研究有利于加强对区域生态恢复过程机理的认识.     

冬季太湖草、藻型湖区N2O的生成与排放特征

对太湖典型草（包括沉水植物及挺水植物湖区）、藻型湖区水-气界面N₂O排放通量、水柱溶存浓度、泥-水界面通量以及3个湖区的水柱及沉积物理化性质进行了原位观测及实验室分析研究,并针对影响N₂O生成与排放的主要环境因子进行了室内的微环境模拟试验.研究结果表明：水-气界面N₂O释放通量及泥-水界面N₂O释放通量为藻型湖区 > 沉水植物湖区 > 挺水植物湖区（（123.10±11.43）μg/（m²·h）,（79.19±4.90）μg/（m²·h）,（53.45±4.22）μg/（m²·h）和（29.60±0.20）μmol/（m²·h）,（10.89±1.66）μmol/（m²·h）,（3.83±0.30）μmol/（m²·h））;水体溶存N₂O浓度均为藻型湖区 > 挺水植物湖区 > 沉水植物湖区（（0.0247±0.0003）μmol/L,（0.0236±0.0003）μmol/L,（0.0219±0.0001）μmol/L）;室内微环境实验结果表明：冬季升高温度能够显著地提高N₂O的生成潜力,高盐度对3种生态类型湖区沉积物N₂O的生成速率总体表现出抑制作用,藻型湖区及挺水植物湖区沉积物N₂O释放潜力在添加Cl^-组明显高于控制组,氮盐度过高会抑制沉积物N₂O产生,而沉水植物湖区沉积物N₂O产生受到抑制;随添加NH+4-N和NO-3-N等营养盐浓度升高,藻型湖区及沉水植物湖区沉积物中N₂O生成速率增加,挺水植物湖区N₂O生成速率降低,而乙酸盐作为微生物活动的碳源和能源对N₂O生成表现出抑制作用.冬季太湖典型草、藻型湖区N₂O排放存在显著差异,冬季草/藻型湖区N2O生成主要受冬季低温的限制,另外也受水柱无机氮形态及浓度的影响.     

Integrating wetlands and riparian zones in river basin modelling

Wetlands, and in particular riparian wetlands, represent an interface between the catchment area and the aquatic environment. They control the exchange of water and related chemical fluxes from the upper catchment area to surface waters like streams and lakes. Their influence on water and nutrient balances has been investigated mainly at the patch scale. In this study an attempt was made (a) to integrate riparian zones and wetlands into eco-hydrological river basin modelling, and (b) to quantify the impacts of riparian wetland processes on water and nutrient fluxes in a meso-scale catchment located in the northeastern German lowland. The investigation was performed by analysing hydro-chemical field data and applying the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which was extended to reproduce the relevant water and nutrient flows and retention processes at the catchment scale in general, and in riparian zones and wetlands in particular. The main extensions introduced in the model were: (1) implementation of daily groundwater table dynamics at the hydrotope level, (2) implementation of water and nutrient uptake by plants from groundwater in riparian zones and wetlands, and (3) assessment of nutrient retention in groundwater and interflow. The simulation results indicate that wetlands, though they represent relatively small parts of the total catchment area, may have a significant impact on the overall water and nutrient balances of the catchment. The uncertainty of the simulation results is considerably high, with the main sources of uncertainty being the model parameters representing the geo-hydrology and the input data for land use management.     

南麂列岛潮间带底栖藻类与环境的关系探讨

根据南麂列岛的国胜岙,大沙岙和上马鞍等３条潮间带的底栖藻类监测结果,结合同区域的水质及底质环境质量,初步评价了该３个区栖藻类的生态种群,密度,形状及季节变化与环境质量之间的关系。     

Characterization of River Networks: A GIS Approach and Its Applications

Fluvial geomorphology provides the basis for characterizing complex river networks and evaluating biophysical processes within watersheds. Understanding the spatial organization of morphological features, their influencing processes, and resultant geomorphic diversity in stream networks are important for efficient restoration, river health assessment, and improving our knowledge of the resilience of riverine landscapes. River characterization is a means to determine the biophysical character of river networks but many methods are fraught with pitfalls, such as the use of incorrect variables and limited acknowledgment of the hierarchical organization of rivers. In this paper, a top‐down geographic information system‐based approach for determining the physical typology of river networks is outlined. A suite of multivariate analyses are used to develop a nomenclature for functional process zones (FPZs) — large tracts of the river network with similar hydro‐geomorphological character. Applied to the Little Miami River, Ohio, six distinct FPZs emerged, which had a nonuniform distribution along the river network. Some FPZs repeated downstream; others were rare in terms of total length and number of FPZ segments. The physical structure of the Little Miami River network was analyzed using a series of community metrics. Application of this approach for river monitoring, establishing reference conditions, as well as management of threatened and endangered species and asset trading is highlighted.     

The effect of low emission zones on air pollution and infant health

This paper investigates the effect of low emission zones on air quality and birth outcomes in Germany. The staggered introduction of the policy measure creates a credible natural experiment and a natural control group for births and air pollution measurements in cities that enact low emission zones. I show that the introduction of the most restrictive type of low emission zone decreases average levels of fine particulate matter by about 4 percent and by up to 8 percent at a city's highest-polluting monitor. Low emission zones also reduce the number of days per year on which legal pollution limits are exceeded by three. However, these reductions are too small to translate into substantial improvements in infant health. My results are not driven by changes in maternal or city specific characteristics, and are robust to variations in specification and to the choice of control group.     

FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIES COMPOSITION IN RIPARIAN PLANT COMMUNITIES1

ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the spatial patterns of plant species richness observed in 1989 and in 1999 alongside the Adour River (Southwest France), focussing on: (1) upstream‐to‐down‐stream changes, (2) mid‐term changes, and (3) differences in observed patterns among various plant functional groups. The purpose of the research was to analyze how the proportions of invading species and/or ruderal species within riparian corridors can be related to regional environmental settings. About half of native and exotic species were ruderals. However, the proportion of competitors was higher within the native pool. No correlation was found between exotic and native functional groups. The longitudinal distribution of native and exotic ruderal species were correlated together, but they were not correlated with the total species richness. Converse to observations at the local scale in other studies, these patterns seem to be driven more by factors co‐varying with the size of the river and by climatic factors than by hydrological disturbance‐related factors. The role of the various plant groups studied and potential consequences on ecosystem function are discussed in the context of an increasing susceptibility of our ripanan corridors to invasions by nonriparian species. Management perspectives are discussed for the purpose of biodiversity conservation.     

LANDSCAPE ATTRIBUTES AS CONTROLS ON GROITHD WATER NITRATE REMOVAL CAPACITY OF RIPARIAN ZONES1

ABSTRACT: Inherent site factors can generate substantial variation in the ground water nitrate removal capacity of riparian zones. This paper examines research in the glaciated Northeast to relate variability in ground water nitrate removal to site attributes depicted in readily available spatial databases, such as SSUIRGO. Linking site‐specific studies of riparian ground water nitrate removal to spatial data can help target high‐value riparian locations for restoration or protection and improve the modeling of watershed nitrogen flux. Site attributes, such as hydric soil status (soil wetness) and geomorphology, affect the interaction of nitrate‐enriched ground water with portions of the soil ecosystem possessing elevated biogeochemical transformation rates (i.e., biologically active zones). At our riparian sites, high ground water nitrate‐N removal rates were restricted to hydric soils. Geomorphology provided insights into ground water flowpaths. Riparian sites located on outwash and organic/alluvial deposits have high potential for nitrate‐enriched ground water to interact with biologically active zones. In till deposits, ground water nitrate removal capacity may be limited by the high occurrence of surface seeps that markedly reduce the time available for biological transformations to occur within the riparian zone. To fully realize the value of riparian zones for nitrate retention, landscape controls of riparian nitrate removal in different climatic and physiographic regions must be determined and translated into available spatial databases.     

Class-2 hazmat transportation consequence assessment on surrounding population

The transportation of hazardous materials by road is an utmost necessity of the world for the societal benefits, but at the same time the activity is inherently dangerous. Incidents involving hazardous material (hazmat) cargo particularly the class-2 materials can lead to severe consequences in terms of fatalities, injuries, evacuation, property damage and environmental degradation. The rationale behind considering class-2 hazmats is that they pose the greatest danger to the people and property along the transport route because of their storage condition on the transport vessel. They are stored either in pressurized vessels or in cryogenic containers. Any external impact due to collision may cause catastrophic failure of transport vessels, known as BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) with devastating consequences. Further, any continuous release from containment may cause what is known as ‘Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion’ (UVCE). Historically frequency of BLEVE occurrence is of the order of 1 × 10⁻⁶ per year or less, but other release scenarios e.g. a large vapour or liquid leaks are more probable and could also have devastating effects on the surrounding population. As such, the paper discussed various event scenarios and the consequences taking examples of a class-2.1 material (1,3 butadiene) and another class-2.3 (ammonia) hazmat. Comparative analysis suggests that per ton basis a rupture of ammonia tanker gives rise to larger impact areas and poses larger lethality risks compared to 1,3 butadiene as far as toxic effects are concerned. Besides, from fireball fatality on similar basis propylene causes higher consequence distance than LPG followed by ethylene oxide and 1,3 butadiene. The impact zone study results may be utilized as inputs for identifying the potential vulnerable area on a GIS enabled map, along a designated State highway route passing through an important industrial corridor in western India.