原子荧光光谱法测定蔬菜样品中铅

铅作为一种对人体有害元素,在蔬菜样品中必须被检测。应用原子荧光光度计检测铅的含量,具有取样量少、灵敏度高、检出限低等优点,适合于环境样品的分析检测。     

Urban geochemistry: research strategies to assist risk assessment and remediation of brownfield sites in urban areas

Urban geochemical maps of Wolverhampton and Nottingham, based on multielement analysis of surface soils, have shown distribution patterns of “total” metals concentrations relating to past and present industrial and domestic land use and transport systems. Several methods have been used to estimate the solubility and potential bioavailability of metals, their mineral forms and potential risks to urban population groups. These include sequential chemical extraction, soil pore water extraction and analysis, mineralogical analysis by scanning electron microscopy, source apportionment by lead isotope analysis and the development of models to predict metal uptake by homegrown vegetables to provide an estimate of risk from metal consumption and exposure. The results from these research strategies have been integrated with a geographical information system (GIS) to provide data for future land-use planning.     

温度对奶牛粪便温室气体排放的影响

采用封闭罐-气相色谱法对4种不同温度处理下奶牛粪便温室气体排放速率进行测定.结果表明,温度是影响奶牛粪便温室气体排放的主要因子,温度较低时奶牛粪便温室气体排放速率低,而且随着奶牛粪便处理温度升高而增大.在5、15、25和35℃4个处理中,奶牛粪便CO2排放速率两两之间差异显著;CH4排放速率除了5和15℃处理差异不显著之外,其他两两处理之间差异显著;35℃处理时N2O排放速率与其他温度的排放速率差异均显著,其他两两处理之间差异不显著.     

Anaerobic co-digestion of kitchen waste and fruit/vegetable waste: Lab-scale and pilot-scale studies

The anaerobic digestion performances of kitchen waste (KW) and fruit/vegetable waste (FVW) were investigated for establishing engineering digestion system. The study was conducted from lab-scale to pilot-scale, including batch, single-phase and two-phase experiments. The lab-scale experimental results showed that the ratio of FVW to KW at 5:8 presented higher methane productivity (0.725 L CH₄/g VS), and thereby was recommended. Two-phase digestion appeared to have higher treatment capacity and better buffer ability for high organic loading rate (OLR) (up to 5.0 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1), compared with the low OLR of 3.5 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1 for single-phase system. For two-phase digestion, the pilot-scale system showed similar performances to those of lab-scale one, except slightly lower maximum OLR of 4.5 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1 was allowed. The pilot-scale system proved to be profitable with a net profit of 10.173 $/ton as higher OLR (?3.0 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1) was used.     

Key role for nuclear energy in global biodiversity conservation

Modern society uses massive amounts of energy. Usage rises as population and affluence increase, and energy production and use often have an impact on biodiversity or natural areas. To avoid a business‐as‐usual dependence on coal, oil, and gas over the coming decades, society must map out a future energy mix that incorporates alternative sources. This exercise can lead to radically different opinions on what a sustainable energy portfolio might entail, so an objective assessment of the relative costs and benefits of different energy sources is required. We evaluated the land use, emissions, climate, and cost implications of 3 published but divergent storylines for future energy production, none of which was optimal for all environmental and economic indicators. Using multicriteria decision‐making analysis, we ranked 7 major electricity‐generation sources (coal, gas, nuclear, biomass, hydro, wind, and solar) based on costs and benefits and tested the sensitivity of the rankings to biases stemming from contrasting philosophical ideals. Irrespective of weightings, nuclear and wind energy had the highest benefit‐to‐cost ratio. Although the environmental movement has historically rejected the nuclear energy option, new‐generation reactor technologies that fully recycle waste and incorporate passive safety systems might resolve their concerns and ought to be more widely understood. Because there is no perfect energy source however, conservation professionals ultimately need to take an evidence‐based approach to consider carefully the integrated effects of energy mixes on biodiversity conservation. Trade‐offs and compromises are inevitable and require advocating energy mixes that minimize net environmental damage. Society cannot afford to risk wholesale failure to address energy‐related biodiversity impacts because of preconceived notions and ideals.     

秸秆生物炭对河套灌区膜下滴灌玉米农田生态系统碳足迹的影响

为探究生物炭对干旱地区膜下滴灌玉米农田生态系统温室气体排放和碳足迹的影响.设置不同施用量的生物炭处理［0（CK）、15（C15）、30（C30）和45 t ·hm^-2（C45）］,连续2 a监测覆膜滴灌条件下一次性施用秸秆生物炭后玉米农田生态系统土壤温室气体（CO₂、N₂O和CH₄）排放的季节变化及其综合增温潜势,利用生命周期评估法估算农业生产活动引起的碳排放量,并进行碳足迹的分析.施用生物炭当年的作物生长季土壤CO₂累积排放量比CK下降17.6%~24.7%,N₂O累积排放量下降71.1%~110.4%,综合增温潜势降低19.5%~25.9%.生物炭施用后第2 a作物生长季的CO₂累积排放量比CK减少19.2%~40.6%,N₂O累积排放量减少38.7%~46.7%,综合增温潜势减少19.7%~40.5%.连续2 a处理C15和C30均不同程度增加了CH₄累积吸收量,而处理C45显著降低了CH₄累积吸收量.C15和C45分别为生物炭施用当年和翌年单位产量碳足迹最少的处理,其单位产量碳足迹较CK分别降低10.1%和26.2%.土壤温室气体排放量对玉米农田生态系统碳足迹贡献率最大（38.1%~59.2%）,其次为氮肥生产（19.8%~33.4%）,而后为电能生产（6.7%~8.8%）和地膜覆盖（4.4%~7.4%）.生物炭对生态系统碳足迹贡献率为5.7%~13.8%.施用30 t ·hm^-2生物炭对农田生态系统减排固碳增产效果更好.改善生物炭制作工艺及运输途径、提高氮肥利用效率和发展节水节能灌溉技术,是减少旱区农田生态系统碳足迹的重要途径.     

炉渣与生物炭施加对福州平原水稻田温室气体排放的后续影响

为了探讨炉渣与生物炭施加对稻田温室气体的排放是否具有后续效应,于2015年早、晚稻秧苗移栽前对稻田进行施加生物炭(B)、炉渣(S)和生物炭+炉渣(混施)处理(BS),以不施加处理作为对照(CK). 2 a后(2017年)在早、晚稻生长期,分别测定了不同试验组稻田温室气体CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的排放通量.结果表明,在水稻生长期,对照、生物炭、炉渣和混施处理CO_2的平均排放通量分别为(1 723. 66±194. 56)、(1 245. 52±155. 05)、(1 140. 29±79. 68)和(1 055. 83±62. 13) mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),生物炭、炉渣和混施这3种施加处理CO_2的排放通量均比对照组有显著降低(P 0. 05),降低比例分别达27. 74%、33. 84%和38. 75%. CH_4的平均排放通量为(0. 45±0. 03)、(0. 40±0. 05)、(0. 36±0. 10)和(0. 25±0. 04) mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),各处理组与对照相比均降低了CH_4的排放通量,降低比例分别为11. 11%、20. 00%和44. 44%,但未到达显著差异(P 0. 05). N_2O在不同处理组的平均排放通量为(62. 47±27. 00)、(115. 09±30. 94)、(79. 75±24. 98)和(112. 68±23. 59)μg·(m~2·h)~(-1).与对照相比,各处理组均增加了N_2O的排放通量,升高比例分别达84. 23%、27. 66%和80. 37%.全球综合增温潜势表明,施加处理增加了早、晚稻稻田生态系统的综合增温潜势.说明,炉渣和生物炭施加处理2 a之后,对减排作用效果不明显.     

3种土壤改良剂对河套灌区玉米田温室气体排放的影响

为研究膨润土、生物炭和聚丙烯酸钾等土壤改良剂对农田温室气体排放的影响,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了5种不同施肥处理(不施肥、常规施肥、常规施肥+膨润土、常规施肥+生物炭、常规施肥+聚丙烯酸钾,分别标记为NF、CK、B、C和PAM)下河套灌区2015、2016两年玉米田温室气体排放动态变化.结果表明,玉米生育期内,河套灌区农田N_2O呈双峰型排放规律,各处理于追肥灌水后5~7 d出现N_2O排放峰值;农田CH_4排放无明显规律,个别处理于追肥灌水后6 d左右出现CH_4排放峰值,其余时期均表现为土壤对CH_4的吸收作用;CO_2呈单峰型排放规律,于玉米拔节期出现排放峰值.相关性分析表明,土壤温度的升高,可显著增加土壤N_2O和CO_2的排放速率.与CK相比,B和PAM处理可显著降低N_2O累计排放量(P0.05),降幅分别为38.59%和45.35%;B、C处理可显著增强土壤对CH_4的吸收作用(P0.05),累计吸收量分别增加144.44%和172.22%;B、C处理CO_2累计排放量与CK差异显著(P0.05),与CK相比分别降低25.40%和22.21%.总体来说,B、C和PAM处理下综合增温潜势较CK分别降低27.77%、19.61%和12.16%,温室气体排放强度降低35.20%、26.65%和13.36%.与CK相比,B、C处理下玉米产量显著提高11.33%和9.59%,净生态系统经济预算显著增加16.15%和12.65%(P0.05).综上所述,对河套灌区玉米种植体系而言,常规施肥基础上添加膨润土、生物炭是提高作物产量、降低增温潜势的有效农业措施.     

城市生活垃圾填埋处理甲烷排放估算及控制途径研究

随着人口的增长,城市化和经济化发展以及居民生活水平的不断提高,固体废弃物的排放量日益增多,废弃物处理不仅是大气中甲烷的一个重要排放源,而且已成为限制城市化进展和城市经济发展的重大问题之一。固体废弃物填埋处理甲烷的排放量的估算,对准确评估未来气候变化以及应对气候变化所带来的影响具有重要的意义。本文在分析了填埋场甲烷产生影响因素的基础上,估算了2005年-2010年杭州市填埋场甲烷排放量,提出了填埋场甲烷排放控制的对策建议,为杭州市温室气体减排工作提供参考意见。     

新型缓释尿素对削减温室气体、NH3排放和淋溶作用的研究

温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)和NH₃的排放及水体污染带来的环境问题日益突出,其中,化肥的施用等农业排放是重要来源之一.本实验评价了新型缓释化肥对温室气体排放和水体污染的影响,采用密闭箱法,在饱和田间持水量(WFPS) 60%的条件下,检测恒温(23℃)环境中土壤温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)和NH₃挥发.结果表明,30 d内缓释尿素组比普通尿素组释放的CO₂、CH₄、N₂O平均排放通量分别降低24.69%、3.01%、26.75%,NH₃排放量减少24.36%;模拟降雨条件的淋溶实验(15 d)显示,缓释尿素组的淋失率明显低于普通尿素组,总氮减少6.97%,尿素氮减少4.75%,缓释尿素和普通尿素组淋出水样中尿素氮和总氮量所占比重均在淋溶第1 d最大,缓释尿素组尿素氮和总氮量分别为36.1%和41.23%,普通尿素组尿素氮和总氮量分别为48.7%和72.4%.结果表明,缓释尿素较普通尿素在消减温室气体排放和氨排放有明显的效果.