城市绿地温室气体通量监测与减排研究

采用LGR-密闭式动态通量箱法对城市绿地生态系统温室气体(CO₂、CH₄)通量的日变化、季节变化特征及其影响因子等进行了较为系统的研究。城市绿地花草CO₂通量有明显的日变化和季节变化特征,白天通量值为负,是CO₂的净吸收汇;夜晚为正值,是CO₂的净释放源;7:00左右由源转为汇,17:00左右由汇转为源,不同花卉24 h总通量有正负2种结果。冬季草坪作为源的时间延长,而作为汇的时间缩短。光强和温度是影响CO₂通量日变化和季节变化的主要因素。城市绿地CH₄通量较小,不足以对温室气体总量产生显著影响。从减少温室气体排放的角度对城市绿地花草的选择提出了建议。     

大型古老锡矿影响区土壤和蔬菜重金属含量及其健康风险

对云南大型古老锡矿影响区的主要种类蔬菜及其土壤取样调查,测定分析As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量,通过暴露风险分析评价食用当地种植蔬菜引起重金属对人体的健康风险.结果发现,与非矿业影响区比较,锡矿影响区的蔬菜地土壤重金属污染严重,其中以As污染最严重,土壤平均As含量为1 225　mg·kg^-1,Nemero指数平均为50.1.锡矿影响区的蔬菜食用部位的重金属含量超标严重,As和Pb尤为严重,其最高含量(以干重计)分别达856　mg·kg^-1及506　mg·kg^-1;各类蔬菜重金属含量表现出叶菜类＞根茎类＞果菜类的趋势;当地居民通过食用这些蔬菜引起的As和Pb的暴露风险非常高,暴露风险指数分别为158和13.3,对当地居民健康有极大的潜在危害.研究结果表明,有必要对当地的土壤和蔬菜重金属含量及其健康风险进行更为详尽的调查研究.     

The Monitoring,Evaluation, Reporting and Verification of Climate Change Projects

Because of concerns with the growing threat of global climate change from increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, the United States and other countries are implementing, by themselves or in cooperation with one or more other nations, climate change projects. These projects will reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or sequester carbon, and will also result in non-GHG benefits (i.e., environmental, economic, and social benefits). Monitoring, evaluating, reporting, and verifying (MERV) guidelines are needed for these projects to accurately determine their net GHG, and other, benefits. Implementation of MERV guidelines is also intended to: (1) increase the reliability of data for estimating GHG benefits; (2) provide real-time data so that mid-course corrections can be made; (3) introduce consistency and transparency across project types and reporters; and (4) enhance the credibility of the projects with stakeholders. In this paper, we review the issues involved in MERV activities. We identify several topics that future protocols and guidelines need to address, such as: (1) establishing a credible baseline; (2) accounting for impacts outside project boundaries through leakage; (3) net GHG reductions and other benefits; (4) precision of measurement; (5) MERV frequency and the persistence (sustainability) of savings, emissions reduction, and carbon sequestration; (6) reporting by multiple project participants; (7) verification of GHG reduction credits; (8) uncertainty and risk; (9) institutional capacity in conducting MERV; and (10) the cost of MERV.     

Environmental,economic and social costs and benefits of a packaging waste management system: A Portuguese case study

The impact of the management of packaging waste on the environment, economic growth and job creation is analyzed in this paper. This integrated assessment intends to cover a gap in the literature for this type of studies, using the specific case study of the Portuguese packaging waste management system (SIGRE).The net environmental benefits associated with the management of packaging waste, are calculated using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The results show that, for the categories studied, the impacts associated to SIGRE's various activities are surpassed by the benefits associated to material and energy recovery, with special focus on recycling. For example, in 2011 SIGRE avoided the emission of 116 kt CO₂ equiv. – the equivalent carbon emission of the electricity consumption of 124.000 households in Portugal.The economic impact of SIGRE is evaluated through Input–Output Analysis. It was found that SIGRE's activities also have a significant economic impact. For example, their added value are ranked amongst the upper third of the economic activities with highest multiplier effect at national level: this means that for each Euro of value added generated within SIGRE, 1.25 additional € are added to the rest of the economy (multiplier effect of 2.25).Regarding the social impacts of SIGRE, the number of direct jobs associated with the system is estimated to be more than two thousand and three hundred workers. Out of these, 83% are connected to the management of municipal waste packaging (selective collection and sorting), 15% are connected to the management of non-municipal packaging waste and only 2% are connected to the Sociedade Ponto Verde (SPV, green dot society in English) – the management entity responsible for SIGRE.In general terms, the results obtained provide quantitative support to the EEA (2011) suggestion that moving up the waste hierarchy – from landfilling to recycling – creates jobs and boosts the economy.     

A2O工艺中N2O的产生与逸散特征

目前污水处理过程中产生温室气体的问题已经引起普遍关注。本文通过实验室小试,研究了不同污水水质条件下A2O工艺中N2O的产生特征,以及氧化亚氮还原酶编码基因nosZ含量对N2O产生量的影响。结果表明,在A2O工艺中的各单元均有N2O产生,其中厌氧池产生量最大,约占总产生量的32％～85％;A2O工艺产生的N2O主要通过逸散进入大气,少量随二沉池出水进入到环境中。N2O的产生量与污泥中nosZ的含量成负相关,而碳源和DO对含有nosZ基因的反硝化细菌有明显的影响,低DO环境和充足的碳源能够极大的促进其含量的提高,从而显著减少N2O的产生量。     

呈贡县无公害蔬菜种植基地环境质量现状调查分析

经调查,昆明市呈贡县2 3万亩无公害蔬菜种植基地的环境质量,符合无公害蔬菜生产基地对产地环境的要求,为生产无公害蔬菜提供了科学依据,提出了持续无公害蔬菜生产环境的对策和建议。     

基于产业结构调整情景下的中国钢铁行业大气污染排放预测

以钢铁环境统计数据为基础,分析了2012年钢铁行业二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟粉尘、二氧化碳等排放情况;基于发达国家钢铁产业结构现状,建立了未来我国工业化后的钢铁产业结构优化调整情景,分析钢铁行业大气污染物减排情况。经计算,2012年中国钢铁企业排放二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟粉尘、二氧化碳分别为191.88万,51.84万,59.14万,15.04亿t,河北省二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟粉尘、二氧化碳排放量最大,分别占全国总排放量的22.59%、30.35%、35.54%、25.19%;预测产业结构调整后,中国钢铁行业排放二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟粉尘、二氧化碳排放量分别为16.8万,18.9万,13.86万,6.62亿t,与2012年现状情景相比,分别减少91.24%、63.54%、76.56%、55.98%。     

有机肥及补充灌溉对旱地农田温室气体排放的影响

在农业生产中,提高作物产量减少农田温室气体排放具有重要意义.本文采用静态箱-气相色谱法,在黄土高原半干旱半湿润区,以单施氮肥180 kg·hm~(-2)(以N计)为对照,研究了氮肥180 kg·hm~(-2)+有机肥45×103kg·hm~(-2)(NM)、氮肥180 kg·hm~(-2)+有机肥45×103kg·hm~(-2)+拔节期灌水(NMW)处理在冬小麦生育期温室气体的变化规律及其综合增温潜势(Global warming potential,GWP),并计算温室气体排放强度(Greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI),以明确有机肥及补充灌溉的增产潜力及对温室气体的减排效果.结果表明:(1)整个生育期CO_2排放速率随作物生长发育的加速而逐渐加快,接近成熟期其排放速率降低;N_2O排放峰均出现在施肥、降雨及灌水后.NM、NMW处理的CO_2累积排放量(以C计,下同)分别为14933.35 kg·hm~(-2)、15929.74 kg·hm~(-2),比对照分别增加了22.8%、31.0%;N_2O累积排放量(以N计,下同)分别为0.48kg·hm~(-2)、0.52 kg·hm~(-2),比对照分别降低了23.8%、17.5%;CH4累积吸收量分别为1.73 kg·hm~(-2)、1.87 kg·hm~(-2),比对照分别降低了18.4%、11.8%.(2)CH4吸收速率与土壤温度呈显著性正相关,而与土壤含水量呈显著性负相关;CO_2排放速率与土壤温度及含水量均呈显著性正相关;N_2O排放速率与土壤温度、含水量及硝态氮含量均呈显著性正相关,与铵态氮含量呈负相关.(3)NM、NMW处理的GWP比对照分别降低了27.8%、21.2%;NM、NMW均显著增加了小麦产量,增产率分别为24.6%、36.7%.NM、NMW的GHGI比对照分别降低了41.9%、42.4%.说明在施用有机肥及有机肥加补充灌水在增加作物产量的同时,达到了温室气体减排的作用.     

桂林市菜地土壤和蔬菜砷含量调查与健康风险评估

通过对桂林市蔬菜和菜地土壤中砷含量状况的调查,研究了蔬菜和菜地土壤中的砷含量、富集特征及对人体的健康风险,并筛选出抗砷污染能力强的蔬菜品种.本研究在桂林市13个县区蔬菜种植基地和蔬菜批发市场共采集71种566个蔬菜样品,160个相对应菜地的土壤样品和32个背景土壤样品.研究发现,与背景土壤相比,桂林市菜地土壤没有明显的砷积累(平均积累指数为0.839),砷含量范围、算术均值、几何均值分别为5.55~132、23.4、21.4 mg·kg-1.蔬菜(鲜重)总砷含量范围、中值和几何平均值分别为5.34~49.7、24.0、22.2 mg·kg-1,均未超标,且叶菜类蔬菜中的砷含量高于根茎类和瓜果类.根据蔬菜砷富集系数的高低用层级聚类法分析,结果表明,西红柿、油麦菜、胡萝卜、生菜等18种蔬菜的抗砷污染能力最强.桂林市居民通过消费蔬菜的人均总砷摄入量为2.54μg·d-1,蔬菜消费只占总砷摄入量的7.07%左右,因此,对于大多数居民而言不存在明显的健康风险.     

2010年中国机动车CH4和N2O排放清单

中国大部分机动车温室气体排放研究都集中于CO₂排放,对于CH₄和N₂O等排放的研究鲜见. 以中国机动车污染防治年报(2011年)、中国汽车工业年鉴(2011年)、中国统计年鉴(2011年)以及交通运输部发布的相关信息和数据(2011年)等为基础,结合文献调研和2008─2010年对北京、广州等国内10余座典型城市的实地调查结果,获得2010年我国机动车活动水平及排放特征. 基于上述基础信息,解析得到按不同车型、燃料和车龄分布的机动车保有量、年均行驶里程及排放因子,建立2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放清单. 结果表明:2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放量分别为23.90×104和6.01×104t,折算成CO₂分别为501.99×104和1862.51×104t. 不确定性分析则显示,中国CH₄排放量在18.21×104～27.52×104t之间,N₂O排放量在4.32×104～7.62×104t之间. 在机动车中,汽车CH₄和N₂O排放量最大,分担率(某车型污染物排放量占机动车排放总量的比例)分别为77.99%和94.22%,而摩托车和农用车排放分担率较小. 在各类汽车中,CH₄排放主要来源于轻型汽油车和天然气出租车,二者的排放分担率分别为47.98%和23.42%;N₂O排放则主要源于轻型汽油车,其分担率为73.09%. 因此,轻型汽油车是削减机动车CH₄和N₂O排放的重点车型,同时天然气出租车也应作为控制CH₄排放的主要车型.