1999~2011年鄂尔多斯市温室气体足迹动态分析

采用基于IPCC的《省级温室气体编制指南》和国际公认的《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》推荐的方法对鄂尔多斯市的温室气体足迹进行了动态分析.结果表明:1999~2011年鄂尔多斯市温室气体排放呈快速上升趋势,12年间温室排放量从518.10′104t上升为11730.10′104t,年均增幅29.69%.增幅最高的部门是能源(年均增幅35.08%)、水泥(21.94%)、农业(5.15%),林业固碳较低(28.84′104t),废弃物碳排放波动变化.从温室气体来源构成看,能源占57.5%~93.7%,水泥占3.35%~7.01%,农业占14.6%~32.6%,林业固碳占0.25%~5.57%,废弃物处理占0.44%~1.00%.可见能源消费的增加是导致鄂尔多斯市温室气体排放增加的主要原因.万元GDP温室气体排放量呈现波动变化;人均、单位面积温室气体排放量和温室气体排放指数增速很快,年均增幅分别达25.60%、30.12%和25.67%.12年间鄂尔多斯市温室气体排放等级持续上升,从较低(Ⅰc)升高到极高等级(Ⅲc),目前距应对气候变暖目标(Ⅰb)已高出了7个亚级.鄂尔多斯市温室气体排放亟待降低.     

施肥与不施肥措施下小麦田的CO2、CH4、N2O排放日变化特征

二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）、氧化亚氮（N2O）是对全球气候变化影响最大的温室气体。由于土壤与大气之间的水热交换需要一定的传导平衡时间,因此土壤温室气体与温湿度之间的关系存在不同的表现形式。目前,有关温室气体研究多集中于季节性排放特征,而关于CO2、CH4、N2O的日变化研究却少见报道。以北京小麦（Triticum aestivuml）农田土壤为研究对象,对施肥和不施肥条件下CO2、CH4、N2O交换通量和气温、土壤温度进行连续观测,来探讨3种温室气体的日变化特征。采用人工静态暗箱法对小麦田土壤进行连续48 h原位观测,每2 h测定1次,每次盖箱时间为30 min。气体样品中的CO2、CH4、N2O用气相色谱仪（Agilent 6890A,FID/ECD）测定。结果表明：施肥与不施肥条件下小麦生育后期麦田土壤CO2、CH4、N2O交换通量具有明显的日变化特征。土壤表现为CH4的吸收汇、CO2和N2O的排放源。CH4的吸收通量、CO2和N2O的排放通量均表现为施肥区＞对照区。CO2、CH4的交换通量的70%以上出现在白天,而施肥区和对照区的N2O白天排放通量分别达到全天的81.8%、91.1%。另外,相关性分析表明,CO2、N2O交换通量的日变化与气温和5 cm地温呈极显著（P＜0.01）或显著（P＜0.05）的正相关关系,且N2O交换通量日变化与10 cm地温呈现极显著的正相关关系,说明温度是影响CO2、N2O交换通量日变化的重要因素;而气温、5 cm地温、10 cm地温对CH4交换通量日变化不存在显著性影响。     

杀虫剂对土壤温室气体排放的影响

在室内培养条件下,研究了在施用尿素的土壤（有效氮质量分数为200 mg·kg^-1）中分别添加不同剂量（在5、10和50 mg·kg^-1）的吡虫啉和毒死蜱2种杀虫剂时,杀虫剂对土壤温室气体CO2、N2O和CH4排放过程的影响。结果表明：和空白相比,施用尿素明显地增加了土壤中温室气体N2O和CO2的排放量,但对CH4的排放无明显影响。当施用5 mg·kg^-1吡虫啉时,土壤中N2O和CO2排放总量和尿素处理相比无明显差异,但吡虫啉用量上升至10和50 mg·kg^-1时则显著降低了温室气体N2O和CO2的排放量（P〈0.05）,N2O排放量分别降低了26.89%和53.10%,CO2排放量分别降低15.14%和13.79%。毒死蜱在5、10和50 mg·kg^-1三种用量时土壤的N2O排放量与尿素处理相比均无明显差异。毒死蜱在5和10 mg·kg^-1用量时则明显抑制了土壤CO2的排放（p〈0.05）,分别比尿素处理降低了19.88%和19.02%;用量上升到50 mg·kg^-1用量时,土壤的CO2排放量与尿素处理相比无差异。吡虫啉和毒死蜱对CH4排放量均没有明显影响。可见,杀虫剂施用明显影响到土壤温室气体的排放,但不同杀虫剂品种及其用量的效应也存在明显差异。     

广东省高分辨率温室气体排放清单及特征

根据典型城市调查与统计数据收集得到的广东省活动水平数据,采用自上而下和自下而上相结合的排放因子法和GIS技术,建立了广东省2018年3 km×3 km高分辨率温室气体排放清单.估算范围包括能源活动、工业生产过程、农业活动、土地利用变化和林业、废弃物处理以及电力调入（出）间接排放等6大类CO₂、CH₄和N₂O这3种温室气体.结果表明,广东省2018年CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的排放量分别为8.5×10⁸、1.9×10⁶和1.1×10⁵ t,以CO₂当量计分别为8.5×10⁸、4.0×10⁷和3.4×10⁷ t,合计9.2×10⁸ t.CO₂是广东省主要的温室气体排放种类,占全省温室气体总排放量的92.0%,能源活动和电力调入（出）间接排放是广东省温室气体排放的主要部门,排放占比分别为77.9%和7.6%,合计占比为85.5%.从温室气体排放的空间分布情况来看,全省大部分地区温室气体表现为排放源,部分区域表现为汇;温室气体排放主要集中在珠三角地区,并呈现一定的沿路网和航道分布的特征;温室气体高排放网格主要为大型电厂、钢铁厂和水泥厂等高耗能企业所在地.     

腐熟堆肥接种对蔬菜废物中高温好氧降解过程的影响

通过不同比例腐熟堆肥接种,进行蔬菜废物高温好氧降解试验,研究接种对蔬菜废物好氧降解过程的影响.结果表明:当接种率为5%,3%和1%时,增加腐熟堆肥接种比例有利于提高有机物的好氧降解率,试验末期有机物降解率分别为53.3%,50.0%和43.7%,糖类和纤维素类降解的差别是其降解率差距的主要来源;腐熟堆肥接种对堆肥过程中微生物演化规律影响明显,但接种率达到一定水平后,接种对生物相的影响会随堆肥过程而逐步消失;通过对微生物相演变与生物质降解过程的相关性分析,表明微生物种群增殖与特定生物质类型降解存在明显的相关性,从而提示了采用按堆肥过程中生物质分类的降解状况分段接种微生物的可能性.     

Contamination of soil, leaves and vegetables by polychlorinated biphenyls in Xiamen region, China

The paper aimed to identify the primary of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in the Jiulong River Estuary, investigate the spatial distribution of PCBs contamination in the environment, localize the atmospheric source and evaluate ongoing PCBs emissions by analyzing soil samples collected along the Jiulong River region. In addition, the accumulation of PCBs in the human food chain was quantified by analyzing leaf of orange trees and vegetable samples collected along a gradient of soil/atmospheric contamination moving away from the source. Consequently, the impact on the human health and the ecosystem was quantified, different management options were proposedto reduce this impact and to carry out research on organic contaminants along the Jiulong River and Xiamen region.     

Dissipation of chlorpyrifos on pakchoi inside and outside greenhouse

The dissipation of chlorpyrifos on pakchoi inside and outside greenhouse was studied. The decline curve of chlorpyrifos on pakchoi could be described as first-order kinetic. The experimental data showed that both the hermetic environment of greenhouse and season affected dissipation rates of chlorpyrifos on pakchoi. Chlorpyrifos declined faster outside greenhouse than inside greenhouse.Chlorpyrifos residues at pre-harvest time were below the maximum residue limits(MRLs) fixed in China, whereas the values inside greenhouse were higher than those outside greenhouse by almost 50%. The recommended pre-harvest time established under conditions of open field might not always fit to greenhouse production.     

TOA-MIBK萃取火焰原子吸收法同时测定土壤及蔬菜中铅镉

用氢氟酸、硝酸、高氯酸消化土壤样品,干灰化法消解蔬菜样品,用相对TOA-MIBK系统萃取,火焰原子吸收光谱法在同一条件下测定土壤、蔬菜中的铅、镉。在选定条件下,测得土壤铅、镉的相对标准偏差分别为2．3％～4．4％和3．0％～4.3％,蔬菜铅、镉的相对标准偏差分别为2．9％～4．5％和2．6％～4．5％;土壤铅、镉的回收率分别为96％～104％和95％～101％,蔬菜铅、镉的回收率分别为93％～102％92％104％。由测定结果得出离公路越近,蔬菜、土壤铅、镉含量越高。     

Performance and modeling studies of rotating biological contactor for treatment of vegetable oil wastewater

This study focuses on a lab-scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) treating vegetable oil wastewater with high BOD and COD. The fabricated RBC was checked for efficiency in degrading polluted wastewater under different operating conditions. The maximum removal efficiencies for BOD and COD were 95.75% and 89%, respectively. This high removal percentage was obtained with 30% submergence of 10 discs rotating at 8 rpm. For the first time, bio-kinetic models were applied to the experimental results for vegetable oil wastewater. The best fit was obtained with the modified Stover-Kincannon and Grau model. The saturation constant (K_s) values were 1.872 and 3.024 g/L/d for BOD and COD, respectively, for the modified Stover-Kincannon and Grau model. For the Grau second-order model, the saturation constant was 1.416 and 3.744 g/L/d for BOD and COD, respectively. The predicted effluent BOD and COD values of the modified Stover–Kincannon model fitted almost exactly with the experimental values. This clearly predicts that this model can be best used to predict effluent BOD and COD concentration in a Rotating Biological contactor treating vegetable oil wastewater. The kinetic parameters determined in this study can be used to improve the design and operation of continuous mode RBC systems.     

中国北方典型设施菜地土壤稀土元素分布特征及环境意义

以我国北方地区天津武清、山西晋中、辽宁沈阳和内蒙古乌兰察布等地的典型设施菜地土壤为研究对象,分析设施蔬菜种植过程中土壤稀土元素的变化特征,尝试利用稀土元素特征值示踪、表征人类活动对土壤生态环境干扰的可行性.结果发现,辽宁沈阳设施菜地表层土壤中稀土元素总量(REE)范围为146.52～158.76mg·kg-1,均值为1...