Demographic Analysis of Tree Colonization in a20-Year-Old Right-of-Way

Past tree colonization dynamics of a powerline-right-of-way (ROW) corridor in the Haut-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec was studied based on the present age distribution of its tree populations. This colonization study spans 20 years, from 1977 (ROW clearance) to 1996. The sampled quadrats were classified into six vegetation types. Tree colonization dynamics were interpreted in each type, and three distinct patterns were identified. (1) Communities adapted to acidic conditions were heavily colonized by Acer rubrum, at least for the last 12 years. (2) Communities adapted to mesic or to hydric conditions were more intensely colonized in the period 1985-1987 than in the following 9 years; this past success in tree colonization may have been caused by herbicide treatments, which could have facilitated tree establishment by damaging the herbaceous and shrub vegetation. (3) Cattail, vine-raspberry, and reed-dominated communities contained few tree individuals, with almost all trees establishing between 1979 and 1990; those three vegetation types appear as the most resistant to tree invasion in the ROW studied. This study supports the need for an integrated approach in ROW vegetation management, in which the selection of vegetation treatment methods would depend on the tree colonization dynamics in each vegetation type. Minimizing disturbances inflicted on ROW herbaceous and shrub covers should be the central strategy because disturbances jeopardize natural resistance to future tree invasion, except in communities adapted to acidic conditions where the existing vegetation does not prevent invasion by A. rubrum. Many trees are surviving the successive cutting operations by producing new sprouts each time, particularly in communities adapted to mesic and hydric conditions. In these cases, mechanical cutting should be replaced by a one-time stump-killing operation, to avoid repeated and unsuccessful treatments of the same individuals over time.     

庐山不同森林植被类型土壤特性及其健康评价

土壤作为森林生态系统的一个重要因子,评价森林土壤健康状况对森林健康的维护经营以及森林系统功能的发挥具有重要意义。在系统调查和分析庐山8种森林植被类型土壤特性的基础上,评价指标分别从物种多样性以及不同的森林土壤特性中进行筛选,包括物种多样性系数、枯落物层厚度、腐殖质层厚度、土层厚度、容重、粘粒含量、有机质、p H值、阳离子交换量、全氮、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、磷酸酶活性等指标,基于SPSS19.0软件对所获得数据进行差异性检验和相关分析,确定各项指标的权重,应用合适的土壤健康评分函数,将测得的指标值转换为对应指标的分值,最后通过加权综合法,计算其土壤健康指数,并对不同森林植被类型土壤健康状况进行评价。结果表明,8种森林植被类型下最终的土壤健康指数大小排序为:针阔混交林(0.78)常-落混交林(0.72)灌丛(0.69)常绿阔叶林(0.67)落叶阔叶林(0.64)竹林(0.59)马尾松林(0.53)黄山松林(0.46)。     

唐家河保护区主要植被类型景观格局的梯度分析

在遥感图像基础上，利用GIS技术从景观指数方面定量分析了唐家河自然保护区主要植被类型在东西、南北和西北至东南3个方向上的梯度变化。结果表明：次生落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林与针叶林的梯度变化明显，并且在各方向上具有不同的变化特征。其中，常绿落叶阔叶混交林从西北至东南方向的梯度变化最为复杂， 斑块数量与面积分别呈“升—降—升—降”与“升—降—升”的波动变化趋势，而边界密度与平均最近距离呈先升后降的变化趋势，两端破碎度高但连接性好，中部相反。针叶林从北至南的梯度变化最为简单，斑块面积减少，破碎度与复杂度降低，南北两端分布较多，中部较少。唐家河自然保护区植被景观格局在不同方向上的梯度变化研究为地震后该地区的植被保护与管理提供重要指导意义。     

长江流域水环境的主要问题,原因及对策探讨

从几个触目惊心的实例出发，分析出长江流域水环境存在的主要问题是水污染、泥沙淤积、对洪涝的环境容量不高和未能充分发挥水环境的多功能特别是生态功能的作用。其原因主要是工业、农业、城市和流动源排污，土壤侵蚀和人类活动不遵守持续发展原则，管理不善。作者在本文末尾提出了对策。     

关于生态用水研究的讨论

十几年生态用水研究进展,其概念从自然地理平衡说法到生态系统稳定说法,至今未明确统一。按生态用水概念的内涵,将生态、环境、生态环境与用水、需水、耗水6个词的多样组合归纳为生态需水和生态用水两个词。地带性植被生态用水是生态用水研究的基础,可为生态保护和植被建设提供依据和目标。建议生态用水概念定义为:维持各类生态系统正常发育与相对稳定所必需消耗和现存的水称为生态用水。     

黄河三角洲不同植被类型土壤酶活性的季节变化

黄河三角洲自然保护区的酶活性季节特征一定程度影响了该地植被分布类型,为研究黄河三角洲自然保护区不同植被土壤酶活性的季节特征,分别选取碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）、柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）、芦苇（Phragmites communis）、刺槐（Black Locust）和高粱（Sorghum）5种典型植被作为研究对象,分别在4个季节采集不同深度土壤,测定土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、蔗糖酶活性。结果表明,土壤脱氢酶活性规律表现为碱蓬>柽柳>刺槐>高粱>芦苇,其他酶活性总体变化规律表现为刺槐>柽柳>高粱>芦苇>碱蓬;在同一季节中,不同植被间酶活性存在显著性差异,柽柳和刺槐林土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性普遍高于其他群落,碱蓬最低;土壤酶活性与土壤基础理化指标有着密切关系,土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性和蔗糖酶活性之间存在极显著性正相关（P<0.01）,过氧化氢酶,脲酶和蔗糖酶与有机质、碱解氮呈显著性正相关（P<0.01）,脱氢酶与速效磷呈显著性正相关与pH之间呈负相关（P<0.01）;在0—...     

榆林地区植被时空分异特征及其影响因素研究

植被作为反映陆地生态系统和气候的重要指标,对研究全球或区域生态环境变化具有重要作用。以地处黄土高原生态脆弱区的榆林市为研究区,基于地理探测器模型,选取坡向、坡度、气温、降水和土壤类型5类自然因子,土地利用类型、人口密度和GDP 3类人文因子,分析榆林地区植被空间分异特征及其驱动力,并揭示了促进植被生长影响因子的最适宜特征。结果表明,（1）研究区2000—2018年植被覆盖趋向改善,NDVI呈现增加趋势,增速为0.11/10a,2008年以后植被增长较为明显;NDVI在2018年中高等级（0.6—0.8）面积比2000年中高等级面积明显增加;中高等级集中于榆林市东部黄土丘陵区,中低等级（0.2—0.4）集中于榆林市西北部的风沙区,植被覆盖呈现东部高西北低的空间分布特征。（2）人口密度和气温因子较好地解释植被NDVI空间分异性,是影响NDVI空间分异性的主要因子,GDP、土地利用类型和坡度是次级影响因子,其他因子对NDVI空间分异存在间接影响;坡向、降水和土壤类型因子与其他自然、人文因素对植被空间分布影响存在显著性差异。（3）自然、人文因子对榆林市NDVI的影响存在交互作用,因子之间的交互...     

Biogenic VOCs emission inventory development of temperate grassland vegetation in Xilin River basin, Inner Mongolia, China

Given the key role of biogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs) to tropospheric chemistry and regional air quality, it is important to generate accurateVOCs emission inventories. However, only a less fraction of plant species, in temperate grassland of Inner Mongolia, has been characterized by quantitative measurements. A taxonomic methodology, which assigns VOCs measurements to unmeasured species, is an applicable and inexpensive alternation for extensive VOCs emission survey, although data are needed for additional plant families and genera to further validate the taxonomic approach in grassland vegetation. In this experiment, VOCs emission rates of 178 plant species were measured with a portable photoionization detector( PID). The results showed the most of genera and some families have consistent feature of their VOCs emission, especially for isoprene, and provide the basic premise of taxonomic methodology to develop VOCs emission inventories for temperate grassland. Then, the taxonomic methodology was introduced into assigning emission rate to other 96 species, which no measured emission rates available here. A systematical emission inventory of temperate grassland vegetation in Inner Mongolia was provided and further evidence that taxonomy relationship can serve as a useful guide for generalizing the emissions behavior of many, but not all, plant families and genera to grassland vegetation.     

青藏公路取土场高寒草原植被的恢复进程

按照青藏公路建设和整修的不同阶段,利用样方调查植被空间分布变化,得出高寒草原植被的自然演替进程遵循以下规律,在工程结束2年,8年,26年后,群落植被覆盖度和生物多样性指标分别达到原生植被的2%～4%,6%～23%;32%～54%,46%～50%;95%以上和100%左右.青藏公路沿线高寒草原植被的人为破坏影响是明显的,植被的自然恢复需要20年左右的时间.工程建设破坏面积大于1500m2,植被难以恢复,土壤沙化和水土流失,影响周边地区生态环境质量.因此,在青藏铁路工程建设中首先应当减少对地形地貌的破坏,其次应当重视对地表土壤的保护并辅助人工植被恢复措施,促进植被的自然恢复.     

外掺料对植被混凝土高羊茅根系生长及抗剪强度的作用

为揭示外掺料对植被混凝土根系生长和固土护坡的作用,以高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）为研究材料,分别添加不同含量的椰纤维与粉煤灰构建植被混凝土,测定高羊茅地下部根系的生长特征及根土复合体的抗剪强度。结果表明,椰纤维掺量和粉煤灰掺量对高羊茅根系生长有显著影响。根系总根长、根系表面积、根平均直径及地下生物量均随椰纤维与粉煤灰掺量的增加呈先增后减的变化趋势,在椰纤维掺量为0.3%、粉煤灰掺量为2%时达到最大值,分别比未添加椰纤维的处理增加了31.39%、30.20%、30.57%、12.80%,分别比未添加粉煤灰的处理增加了42.17%、22.85%、16.48%、29.22%。椰纤维掺量和粉煤灰掺量对植被混凝土基材的抗剪强度也有显著影响,基材的抗剪强度均随着外掺量增加呈先增加后减少的变化,在椰纤维和粉煤灰掺量分别为0.3%和2%时达到最大值。综合评估显示,高羊茅根系在外掺椰纤维0.3%和粉煤灰2%的改良植被混凝土生长最好,植被混凝土的抗剪强度最高。