The Combined Effects of Remnant Vegetation and Tree Planting on Farmland Birds

Abstract:  Biodiversity conservation on agricultural land is a major issue worldwide. We estimated separate and joint effects of remnant native woodland vegetation and recent tree plantings on birds on farms (approximately 500–1000 ha) in the heavily cleared wheat and sheep belt of southern Australia. Much of the variation (>70%) in bird responses was explained by 3 factors: remnant native-vegetation attributes (native grassland, scattered paddock trees, patches of remnant native woodland); presence or absence of planted native trees; and the size and shape of tree plantings. In terms of the number of species, remnant native vegetation was more important than tree planting, in a 3:1 ratio, approximately. Farms with high values for remnant native vegetation were those most likely to support declining or vulnerable species, although some individual species of conservation concern occurred on farms with large plantings. Farm management for improved bird conservation should account for the cumulative and complementary contributions of many components of remnant native-vegetation cover (e.g., scattered paddock trees and fallen timber) as well as areas of restored native vegetation.     

三北防护林工程区植被覆盖变化与影响因子分析

利用1982~2006年间GIMMS AVHRR NDVI植被覆盖数据和气象站点气候数据,分析了三北防护林工程区25a来植被覆盖的时空变化特征及其与气温、降水变化的相关性,并在此基础上通过采用残差分析法探讨了人类活动对研究区植被覆盖变化影响的空间格局.结果表明:研究区25a的年植被变化量增加幅度略大于减少幅度,植被覆盖整体呈缓慢上升趋势,其中Ⅰ区和Ⅳ区NDVI值上升最明显(P<0.001),Ⅱ区则呈微弱下降趋势,而四大建设区植被覆盖度有不同程度提高;研究区植被和气温、降水整体呈正相关关系,17.74%的地区植被与气温呈负相关,而6.84%的地区呈正相关,10.60%的地区植被与降水呈负相关,19.53%的地区则呈正相关,植被与降水正相关面积明显大于植被与气温正相关面积,说明降水是研究区植被生长的关键因子;研究区植被残差年际变化显著正相关面积大于显著负相关面积,人类活动对植被建设作用要强于破坏作用,三北防护林建设工程带来的生态效益正在呈现.     

不同植物覆盖下黄河三角洲湿地土壤中微塑料的分布

为揭示黄河三角洲湿地地区土壤中微塑料分布与植物覆盖的相关性,选择低盐优势物种芦苇(Phragmites communis)和高盐优势物种盐地碱蓬(Suaedasalsa)为研究对象,探讨其生长土壤共计16个样点中微塑料的分布特征.结果表明,该地区植物覆盖土壤中微塑料丰度范围为80～4 640 n·kg-1,粒径范围为1...     

基于气象和遥感数据的河南省干旱特征分析

干旱是一种常见的自然灾害,严重影响着我国的农业生产。论文分别采用标准化降水指数(SPI)和条件植被指数(VCI)对河南省干旱时空特征进行分析,并探讨了气象干旱和农业干旱的相关性。结果表明:近60 a河南省气象干旱频率呈现出轻微上升的趋势,夏秋两季气象干旱频率较高,农业干旱频率在秋冬两季较高,气象干旱和农业干旱频率在不同季节呈现出不同的空间分布特点。整体上看,农业干旱相对于气象干旱,存在一定程度的滞后:冬季最长,约为2个月,春季较长,约为1个月,而夏季最短,小于1个月;河南省SPI和VCI的相关性具有明显的时空分布特征:冬季和春季相关性较强,夏季次之,秋季最差;平原和盆地区等冬小麦/夏玉米种植区正相关性较强,在非耕地区有所减弱,而在信阳南部等水稻种植区正相关性差。     

1998~2016中国八大经济区植被覆盖对PM2.5浓度时空分布的影响

目前很少有PM_2.5污染与植被覆盖的相关性深入研究,尝试对此进行补充.基于1998~2016年的PM_2.5和归一化植被指数（NDVI）的栅格数据,以中国内地八大经济区为研究对象,对NDVI值进行3个等级划分（低植被覆盖区、中植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区）,并计算相应等级的PM_2.5污染浓度.在此基础上,从NDVI的景观尺度和类型尺度分析PM_2.5污染的时空特征,然后利用面板数据模型定量化NDVI景观格局指数对PM_2.5的影响.结果表明：①北部沿海、东部沿海、南部沿海、长江中游和东北经济区在植被覆盖相对较低的区域,PM_2.5污染较严重;而黄河中游、西南地区及大西北经济区则在植被覆盖相对较低的区域表现出较轻的PM_2.5污染;②大部分区域的PM_2.5随时间变化呈显著上升趋势;③PM_2.5与NDVI景观格局指数相关性显著（P<0.05）的区域相对较少;④景观形状指数（LSI）、斑块面积比（PLAND）、斑块数量（NP）、最大斑块占景观面积比（LPI）和聚集度指标（AI）指数对PM_2.5的影响都表现出明显的空间异质性.     

中国海岸带灾害地质查询及风险评价系统的设计与实现

介绍了"中国海岸带灾害地质查询及风险评价系统"开发研制的GIS平台,VB为二次开发工具,利用OLE技术集成开发.系统实现了对中国海岸带灾害地质的可视化查询、空间分析和综合评价,并为实施海岸带灾害地质综合管理和决策提供了科学依据.     

Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation under different grazing intensities in the Northwest Heilongjiang Steppe of China

In northern China, recent degradation of semi-arid grasslands caused by overgrazing is serious. At Green Grassland Village, west of Daqing City in Heilongjiang Province, three grasslands with different degrees of degradation were surveyed. In the survey, a new method of vegetation analysis based on the beta-binomial distribution, was adopted to describe the frequency of occurrence and spatial heterogeneity for each plant species.Chenopodium centrorubrum, Cleistogenes squarrosa and a Carex species were commonly found in the three grasslands. Non-degraded grassland with light grazing was dominated by Arundinella hirta, Filifolium sibiricium, Lespedeza hedysaroides, Potentilla verticillaris, Stipa baicalensis and Thymus serpyllum. These species belong to the erect-type or do not develop large clones under light grazing. These species can be used as indicators of a well-managed grassland in this area. On the other hand, the degraded grassland with heavy grazing was dominated by Artemisia spp. and Euphorbia humifusa var. pilosa. Artemisia spp., E. humifusa var. pilosa, Eragrostis pilosa and Setaria viridis belong to the creeping-type or develop rather large stocks or stolons under heavy utilization. These species increased the spatial heterogeneity in the degraded grassland with heavy grazing.Under degraded conditions, species diversity decreased and spatial heterogeneity of the communities tended to increase.     

1990~2015年间贵州省植被生态环境质量变化特征

通过长时间序列较空间高分辨率植被生态环境质量变化分析,厘清贵州省1990~2015年植被生态环境质量宏观动态变化特征,为区域植被恢复和生态环境建设提供决策依据。以Landsat TM、ETM+、OLI和ASTER GDEM为数据源,提取植被盖度、土壤指数、湿度指数和坡度指标,应用综合指数评价模型得到贵州省3期植被生态环境质量专题图,划分植被生态环境质量等级和优劣度。结果表明:25年间,全省植被生态环境质量以"优""良"为主,"中"减少20.18%,"优"增加16.27%,植被生态环境质量总体好转;全省植被生态环境质量呈东南部优于中西部的空间格局;1990、2000和2015各州市的植被生态环境质量"优""良"加总最高值和最低值之差分别为37.1%、21.13%和12.21%,植被生态环境质量空间差异逐期减小。至2015年,六盘水市、毕节市、遵义市和黔西南州植被生态环境质量改善明显,安顺市、六盘水市、贵阳市和黔西南州处于全省相对较差水平。未来应加强黔西南和黔中地区植被生态环境治理,尤其要注重对安顺市、六盘水市、贵阳市和黔西南州的治理。     

Associations between stream valley geomorphology and riparian vegetation as a basis for landscape analysis in the eastern Sierra Nevada,California, USA

Ten streams in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, were classified into six geomorphic valley types and sampled to determine environmental and riparian vegetation conditions. The geomorphic valley types were relatively uniform geologically and hydrologically, collectively representing the range of stream environments in the region. There were significant associations between the geomorphic valley types and riparian community composition. These geomorphic-vegetation units are landscape elements which comprise the riparian ecosystems in the region. They differ in their ecological charactersitics and sensitivity to management. The system of landscape elements can be used to classify streams for the purposes of resource inventory, detailed ecological studies, and impact prediction.     

SENSITIVITY OF A PRAIRIE WETLAND TO INCREASED TEMPERATURE AND SEASONAL PRECIPITATION CHANGES1

ABSTRACT: We assessed the potential effects of increased temperature and changes in amount and seasonal timing of precipitation on the hydrology and vegetation of a semi-permanent prairie wetland in North Dakota using a spatially-defined, rule-based simulation model. Simulations were run with increased temperatures of 2°C combined with a 10 percent increase or decrease in total growing season precipitation. Changes in precipitation were applied either evenly across all months or to individual seasons (spring, summer, or fall). The response of semi-permanent wetland P1 was relatively similar under most of the seasonal scenarios. A 10 percent increase in total growing season precipitation applied to summer months only, to fall months only, and over all months produced lower water levels compared to those resulting from the current climate due to increased evapotranspiration. Wetland hydrology was most affected by changes in spring precipitation and runoff. Vegetation response was relatively consistent across scenarios. Seven of the eight seasonal scenarios produced drier conditions with no open water and greater vegetation cover compared to those resulting from the current climate. Only when spring precipitation increased did the wetland maintain an extensive open water area (49 percent). Potential changes in climate that affect spring runoff, such as changes to spring precipitation and snow melt, may have the greatest impact on prairie wetland hydrology and vegetation. In addition, relatively small changes in water level during dry years may affect the period of time the wetland contains open water. Emergent vegetation, once it is established, can survive under drier conditions due to its ability to persist in shallow water with fluctuating levels. The model's sensitivity to changes in temperature and seasonal precipitation patterns accentuates the need for accurate regional climate change projections from general circulation models.