High-Resolution Vegetation Data for Mangrove Research as Obtained From Aerial Photography

In this methodological study, the applicability of aerial photographs for monitoring mangrove vegetation dynamics at high resolution was investigated. Vegetation maps of three mangrove forests in Sri Lanka (Galle, Rekawa and Pambala) were produced based on visual analysis of aerial photographs. The visual analysis was aided by applying an interpretation key constructed during a first fieldwork mission. Image attributes used for the identification of individual trees included: gray values, texture, form and size of the crowns and the presence or absence of a shaded side. For the identification of species assemblages, the vegetation structure (i.e. the distribution of individual trees) appeared to be an important attribute. The accuracy and reliability of the vegetation maps were investigated during a second fieldwork mission. The aerial photographs proved to be very useful for the production of genus-based vegetation maps. The error analysis showed that density estimations (quantitative identification) based on aerial photography was not sufficiently accurate for the objectives of the study, but that the overall identification of vegetation assemblages (qualitative identification) coincided most satisfactory with the ground-truth data. In addition to the applicability of aerial photography in monitoring mangroves, the importance of aerial photography in the management of the mangrove ecosystem is clearly highlighted.     

基于MODIS数据反演江浙皖地区气溶胶光学厚度

气溶胶是气候变化和大气污染的重要影响因素。人们发现卫星遥感为大面积获取气溶胶光学厚度提供了手段,同时卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度弥补了地面观测空间覆盖不足的缺陷。文章首先介绍了使用暗像元法反演气溶胶光学厚度的算法和计算流程,利用传统的暗像元法和改进的暗像元法(即V5.2算法)反演江浙皖地区(29～33°N;116～120°E)气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布,并对两种算法所得结果进行比较与分析。结果表明:暗像元法基本可以反映出该区域气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布特点,尤其是在浓密植被区卫星反演得到的结果与(AERONET)太阳光度计的观测值基本相近。但是在城市地区,该算法得到的结果与观测值存在一定的偏差,有待于进一步改善。     

Response of runoff and soil loss to reforestation and rainfall type in red soil region of southern China

To evaluate the long-term effects of reforestation types on soil erosion on degraded land, vegetation and soil properties under conventional sloping farmland (CSF) and three different reforestation types including a Pinus massoniana secondary forest (PSF), an Eucommia ulmoides artificial economic forest (EEF) and a natural succession type forest (NST), were investigated at runoff plot scale over a six-year period in a red soil region of southern China. One hundred and thirty erosive rainfall events generating runoff in plots were grouped into four rainfall types by means of K-mean clustering method. Erosive rainfall type I is the dominant rainfall type. The amount of runoff and the soil loss under erosive rainfall type III were the most, followed by rain-fall type II, IV and I. Compared with CSF treatment, reforestation treatments decreased the average annual runoff depth and the soil loss by 25.5%–61.8% and 93.9%– 96.2% during the study period respectively. Meanwhile, runoff depth at PSF and EEF treatments was significantly lower than that in NST treatment, but no significant difference existed in soil erosion modulus among the three reforestation treatments. This is mainly due to the improved vegetation properties (i.e., vegetation coverage, biomass of above- and below-ground and litter-fall mass) and soil properties (i.e., bulk density, total porosity, infiltration rate and organic carbon content) in the three reforestation treatments compared to CSF treatment. The PSF and EEF are recommended as the preferred reforestation types to control runoff and soil erosion in the red soil region of southern China, with the NST potentially being used as an important supplement.     

五道梁高寒草原土壤水分和植被盖度空间异质性的地统计分析

青藏高原高寒草原区,由于长期冻融和地下冰的存在形成了独特的生态水文结构,土壤水分是控制高寒草原生态过程的关键因子。利用地统计学对多年冻土区高寒草原土壤表层含水量和植被盖度的空间变异性进行研究,结果表明,高寒草原生态系统浅层剖面(0~50 cm)土壤水分和植被盖度均符合正态分布,土壤含水量沿垂直方向逐渐增大,介于19.43%~25.37%之间,变异系数介于23.77%~40.92%;植被盖度具有强变异性,变异系数为47.99%。0~50 cm土壤含水量具有高度的空间异质性,其中91.1%的空间异质性是由空间自相关部分引起的,主要体现在10~190 m的中尺度上;植被盖度在研究尺度上具有中等程度的空间自相关,植被盖度随机部分的空间变异性占总空间变异性的比例为34.2%,主要体现在10 m的尺度内。各向异性分析表明,土壤水分和植被盖度具有明显的各向异性,其空间格局有明显的差异。     

岩溶石漠化地区表土孢粉与植被关系的影响因素研究——以重庆南川区南平镇为例

根据表土孢粉分析和植被样方调查,重庆南平养兔场内外5个不同方位的表土孢粉组合较好地揭示了该区孢粉组合特点及其与植被的关系。通过对该区表土孢粉组合差异性的研究,探讨了影响表土孢粉与现代植被对应关系的主要因素,即外来孢粉、孢粉产量、孢粉保存和孢粉鉴定等。运用LuoPacias孢粉鉴定系统将孢粉鉴定到种,共132种,为在这一地区开展第四纪古植被、古气候和古环境等研究提供参考性依据。     

绵(阳)遂(宁)高速公路建设绿化补偿效应研究

高速公路建设将造成土地利用类型的永久改变,造成植被覆盖率显著下降,因此,公路绿化就显得尤为重要。文章以拟建的绵阳至遂宁高速公路工程为研究对象,结合现场样方调查及对比点样方调查,预测高速公路建设对植被的影响情况以及绿化措施所产生的补偿效益,并针对存在的问题提出了植被恢复和补偿建议。     

一种边坡复绿技术的设计与施工

文章根据目前喷射混凝土边坡植被恢复技术的现状,研究了一种适合于喷射混凝土边坡上进行植被恢复的结构措施-连通混喷法。通过在边坡砼喷层上布置的根系引导孔,使得部分植物的根系可以深入岩土层进行养分的汲取;同样在砼喷层上开设的物质引导孔使得营养袋内的物质,岩层内的水分、矿物质等营养成分可以随时流入基质层,进而补充基质层的养分,解决了喷射混凝土边坡面的绿化持续效果以及降低养护管理成本的问题,对边坡植被恢复的维护具有启发性的作用。文章通过对原有混凝土结构面的抗压、抗剪影响研究及工程实践证明可以进一步大规模推广和使用,为业界提供一种新型的解决方案。     

皇甫川流域不同水土治理方式下土壤钾含量的变化

本文采用NaOH熔融法,原子吸收分光光度法和NH4OAc浸提,原子吸收分光光度法,分别测定了皇甫川流域五分地沟试验区不同植被治理措施下土壤的全K和速效K含量,对测定结果的分析表明：①不同治理措施下,土壤中全K含量的大小次序是：人工草地〉农田〉人工灌木〉退化草地〉次生草地〉人工林地〉百里香草原,土壤中速效K含量的大小次序是：人工林地〉百里香草原〉人工灌木〉退化草地〉农田〉次生草地〉人工草地。②不同治理方式对土壤钾含量提高的差异明显,灌草类植被对土壤钾的提高效果较好,杨树林对土壤钾的恢复效果稍差。     

扎龙国家级自然保护区内滨洲铁路沿线植物资源调查

扎龙自然保护区始建于1979年,是黑龙江省生物多样性最丰富的重要湿地,也是丹顶鹤等多种珍稀濒危野生动物重要的繁殖栖息地;滨州铁路于1903年建成,铁路在保护区范围纵向24.4 km,横向线位离保护区北边界59 km,南边界28 km,由于铁路两侧地形和铁路分割等特点,多年来探索铁路运营与湿地保护协调发展,本次对铁路两侧保护区范围内典型植被进行了实地调查,为扎龙湿地保护区管理和规划以及铁路环境保护现状管理和建设规划提供科学依据。     

Relationship between herbaceous community distribution and soil environmental factors in the riparian zone of the Baiyangdian River Basin北大核心CSCD

Riparian zone vegetation is an important part of the riparian ecosystem and plays an important role in the riparian zone functioning. Herbs, which are one of the main types of riparian vegetation, are extremely sensitive to environmental changes and human activities and have become a hot spot of riparian vegetation research. In this study, the herbaceous communities of four representative rivers (Xiaoyi, Baohe, Fuhe, and Baigouyin River) entering Baiyangdian Lake in China were researched. The herbaceous species in their riparian zones were systematically investigated using the sample plot method. The Shannon-Wiener diversity (H’), Pielou evenness (J), and Patrick richness (R) indices were estimated to examine the species composition and diversity of the herb communities, following which redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted. The relationship between species diversity, distribution patterns of herbaceous plant communities, and soil environmental factors in the riparian zone of the four rivers is discussed. (1) Eighty-three species of herbaceous plants belonging to 66 genera and 27 families in the riparian zone entering Baiyangdian Lake. Most herbaceous plants, including Poaceae, Compositae, and Chenopodiaceae, were weeds or associated plants. Riparian vegetation was greatly affected by human disturbance. (2) All the three estimated indices of the Xiaoyi, Baigouyin, and Fuhe rivers were better than those of the Baohe River. (3) The vegetation coverage and species diversity of riparian herbaceous communities were positively correlated with soil organic matter and water content but negatively correlated with pH, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Therefore, these communities are conducive to the restoration of vegetation and the stability of biodiversity in the riparian core area to reduce the disturbance of human activities and increase humidity. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.