高速公路建设对植被的影响及绿化补偿效应分析--以信(阳)-泌(阳)高速公路为例

在生态环境现状分析基础上,研究建设项目对评价区植被及生产力的影响.结果表明,拟建的信阳至南阳高速公路工程永久占用基本农田449.4hm2,永久占地造成的农作物产量损失约704045kg/a;工程建设将使评价区植被覆盖率减少0.10%～1.35%;公路绿化可以在一定程度补偿植被损失,10%～37%的植被损失可以得到补偿;工程建设将造成评价区生物量损失约68.5672T·km-2·a-1,绿化补偿约12.1659T·km-2·a-1.补偿率约为14.8%～22.3%.针对存在的问题提出了植被恢复和补偿建议.     

青藏高原植被固定CO2释放O2的经济价值评估

基于研究区植被生产有机质的物质量,结合遥感和野外观测数据,利用生态经济学方法,测算了青藏高原近20年植被固碳释氧(固定CO₂释放O₂)的经济价值. 结果表明:青藏高原植被每年固定CO₂总量为28.1×108 t,释放O₂总量为20.8×108 t;青藏高原植被固碳释氧的总价值为15.6×1011 元/a,利用造林成本法估算植被固定CO₂的价值为7.3×1011 元/a,利用工业制氧法估算植被释放O₂的价值为8.3×1011 元/a;从不同植被类型来看,灌丛的服务价值贡献率最大,亚热带常绿针叶林的单位面积价值最高;在水平方向上,植被固碳释氧价值受降水和植被分布影响,自东南向西北逐渐降低;在垂直方向上,生态系统服务价值受地形影响较大.      

厌氧迁移式污泥床反应器的水力特性研究

采用脉冲示踪法以NH4Cl作示踪剂,通过其在反应器中的停留时间分布来研究厌氧迁移式污泥床反应器(AMBR)的水力特性。反应器的结构决定了反应器的流态,从而控制着可能达到的处理效率。为优化设计反应器结构研究了反应器的构型、导流板与器壁间距对水力特性的影响。研究发现,反应器的流态介于推流式和完全混合式之间,带有导流板的反应器推流程度更大一些,而底部有孔的反应器推流程度弱,反应器的水力死区较小,均小于20%;导流板与器壁间距为8 mm时最佳。     

Foliage profiles of individual trees determine competition,self-thinning,biomass and NPP of a Cryptomeria japonica forest stand: A simulation study based on a stand-scale process-based forest model

A simulation study was carried out to investigate simultaneously the effects of eco-physiological parameters on competitive asymmetry, self-thinning, stand biomass and NPP in a temperate forest using an atmosphere–vegetation dynamics interactive model (MINoSGI). In this study, we selected three eco-physiological relevant parameters as foliage profiles (i.e. vertical distribution of leaf area density) of individual trees (distribution pattern is described by the parameter η), biomass allocation pattern in individual tree growth (χ) and the maximum carboxylation velocity (V_max). The position of the maximal leaf area density shifts upward in the canopy with increasing η. For scenarios with η < 4 (foliage concentrated in the lowest canopy layer) or η > 12 (foliage concentrated in the uppermost canopy layer), a low degree of competitive asymmetry was produced. These scenarios resulted in the survival of subordinate trees due to a brighter lower canopy environment when η < 4 or the generation of spatially separated foliage profiles between dominant and subordinate trees when η > 12. In contrast, competition between trees was most asymmetric when 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 (vertically widespread foliage profile in the canopy), especially when η = 8. In such cases, vertically widespread foliage of dominant trees lowered the opportunity of light acquisition for subordinate trees and reduced their carbon gain. The resulting reduction in carbon gain of subordinate trees yielded a higher degree of competitive asymmetry and ultimately higher mortality of subordinate trees. It was also shown that 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 generated higher self-thinning speed, smaller accumulated NPP, litter-fall and potential stand biomass as compared with the scenarios with η < 4 or η > 12. In contrast, our simulation revealed small effects of χ or V_max on the above-mentioned variables as compared with those of η. In particular, it is notable that greater V_max would not produce greater potential stand biomass and accumulated NPP although it has been thought that physiological parameters relevant to photosynthesis such as V_max influence dynamic changes in forest stand biomass and NPP (e.g. the greater the V_max, the greater the NPP). Overall, it is suggested that foliage profiles rather than biomass allocation or maximum carboxylation velocity greatly govern forest dynamics, stand biomass, NPP and litter-fall.     

A phenomenological model without dispersal kernel to model species migration

Phenomenological approaches to model species migration are usually based on kernel-based methods. These methods require a good knowledge of the dispersal agent behaviour for a given species. They also calculate the location of individuals independently to each other (except the mother plant) and then suppress some of them according to additional interactions such as competition, facilitation and recruitment. In this paper, we propose to use a new phenomenological method, the Gibbs method, to model tree species migration at large scale. The Gibbs method handles the location of adult individuals in terms of pairwise interactions described by a potential function. This function summarizes the set of known and unknown factors determining the spatial distribution of the individuals (or cohorts). The principle of the Gibbs method is to minimize the sum of all pairwise interactions, also called the cost function, in order to optimize the spatial point pattern according to the chosen potential function.     

天津滨海新区湿地环境演化与景观格局动态

从历史演化和景观格局动态变化两个方面对天津滨海新区湿地生态系统的演变进行了研究。历史上天津地区为海洋,自滨海新区成陆以来,经历了多次的海浸和洪水淹没,海浸期间发生陆地湿地化,海退和洪水退却时发生水体湿地化。本文总结了自地质时期以来的历史演化模型。同时在GIS和RS技术支持下,运用FRAG-STATS软件,研究了1979-2008年滨海新区湿地景观格局动态变化特征。结果表明,随着滨海新区的发展和土地利用强度的增大,研究区景观斑块数量增加、平均斑块面积减少的趋势比较明显,景观呈现破碎化的趋势;总体上,近30年中,滨海新区湿地总面积变化不大,并没有大面积持续减少。景观破碎程度从1979年开始持续上升,中间略有波动,但总体上升较快。     

塔里木河下游生态输水过程中荒漠河岸林活力恢复监测

根据近5年来对塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林植被的监测数据,分析了生态输水后植物活力的恢复状况.结果显示:应急生态输水增加了塔里木河下游的生物多样性,使原本面临死亡的荒漠河岸植被重新复活,而且不同程度上促进了胡杨群落的自然更新;在近河道50 m的范围内均出现了少量的胡杨、柽柳实生苗,并且在离河道150 m的范围内已经有相当数量的胡杨次生苗,在离河道400 m范围内大约有25%的胡杨均有不同程度的基部新枝萌蘖.通过生态输水后地下水位的逐步抬升,河道两岸的低阶地发育着一定面积的草甸植被,形成了由胡杨、柽柳和草本植物所组成的干旱区非地带性河岸稀疏植被群落,说明应急生态输水对于胡杨为建群种的荒漠河岸林植被的恢复和自然更新产生了积极的影响.     

海滨湿地景观过程模型与模拟研究——以江苏盐城保护区核心区为例

景观过程模型已经成为深化景观变化研究的重要手段并日益受到重视。海滨湿地是一种高度复杂和动态变化的景观系统,构建景观过程模型能够从机理上解释湿地景观时空动态演变过程。研究中,将盐城国家级自然保护区核心区划分为人工管理区和自然湿地区两种模式,根据2000、2006、2011 年3 个时相的景观资料以及野外生态监测数据,构建海滨湿地景观过程模型,结果如下：①利用空间代替时间并结合灰色关联分析,确定了海滨湿地景观演变的关键影响因素为土壤盐度和水分;②运用人工神经网络的方法,分析了土壤盐度和水分的空间分异,并通过图层叠加和分级统计,得出了土壤盐度和水分的阈值范围以及变化规律;③运用GIS-Matlab-CA技术构建了基于关键生态过程的海滨湿地景观过程模型,模型总体精度都在80%以上,Kappa 系数都在0.7 以上,一致性检验结果表明空间位置一致率决定了整个景观模拟的精度;④运用已构建好的模型对研究区2012-2020、2025 年的结果进行了模拟预测,预测结果表明,盐城海滨湿地芦苇沼泽和米草沼泽扩张、碱蓬沼泽面积减少的趋势将愈加明显。     

宁波市回龙河表层沉积物重金属的形态分析及风险评价

为了解回龙河表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,采集了表层沉积物样品,测定了重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的总量及其化学形态,并采用潜在生态风险指数法对重金属进行了生态风险评价。结果显示,回龙河表层沉积物中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni均有一定程度的累积,总量分别为286.4～1277.9mg/kg、21.71～146.0mg/kg、10.33～44.20mg/kg、25.13～90.40mg/kg、0.07172～0.3901mg/kg、13.27～157.2mg/kg,其中Cu、Cr、Pb与Ni 4种重金属具有一定的同源特性;形态分析表明,Cu的形态分布以有机结合态为主,最容易迁移释放,Zn、Cr和Ni除残渣态外,铁锰氧化结合态和有机结合态占一定比例,具有潜在风险;潜在生态风险指数法分析表明,沉积物中重金属元素的单一潜在生态风险指数顺序为Cd〉Cu〉Ni〉Zn〉Pb〉Cr,潜在生态危害指数RI均小于150,总体上回龙河处于轻微的生态风险等级。     

淮河源12种园林地被植物竞争格局与过程

淮河源区处于北亚热带向暖温带过渡地带,地被植物种类繁多,选取该地区有代表性的12种典型地被植物,进行应用表现情况调查和竞争力量化评价,选用园林地被植物权重(以分布面积计)、园林地被植物养护的投入和园林地被抗杂草入侵能力三个量化指标,计算得出竞争力指数。研究表明淮河源区园林地被植物栽植后5—10年,其竞争力的强弱可充分表现出来,其中木本植物整体竞争力大于草本,而藤本植物竞争力最强。但也有少量草本如红花酢浆草,竞争力超过部分木本植物,值得大量推广运用。根据淮河源区园林地被植物群落竞争格局与过程,在进行园林工程实践中充分考虑园林地被上杂草和地被植物自身竞争力状况,降低园林工程中化学药品的使用和能源消耗,以保护生物多样性。