电梯部件错误安装的危害

通过检验案例发现的隐患,阐述了安全部件在电梯运行中的重要性。对安全部件安装过程中存在的问题,分析了失效原因以及存在的问题,提出了解决方法。     

Impact of Vegetative Cover on Runoff and Soil Erosion at Hillslope Scale in Lanjaron, Spain

Soil loss and surface runoff patterns over a four-year period (1997–2000) were studied in erosion plots from three hillslopes under different vegetative covers (Rosmarinus officinalis, Triticum aestivum and natural-spontaneous vegetation) in Lanjaron (Alpujarras) on the south flank of the Sierra Nevada of southeast Spain. The erosion plots were located on the hillslopes at 35.5% incline, at 1,480 m in altitude and with 41.8 m² (21 m×1.9 m) in area. The vegetative covers were tested for effectiveness in controlling the surface runoff and soil loss production. The highest runoff and erosion values, ranging from 114.1 to 1.7 mmyr^–1 and from 14,564.3 to 6.6 kgha^–1yr^–1, respectively, over the entire study period, were measured under the Triticum aestivum. In the Rosmarinus officinalis, runoff ranged from 7.9 to 1.3 mmyr^–1 and erosion from 156.4 to 2.3 kgha^–1yr^–1, while on the hillslope under natural-spontaneous vegetation, runoff ranged from 4.4 to 0.9 mmyr^–1 and erosion from 322.3 to 2.2 kgha^–1yr^–1. According to the results the vegetative covers of Rosmarinus officinalis and natural-spontaneous vegetation reduced the soil losses by 99 and 98%, with respect to the Triticum aestivum, and the runoff losses by 94 and 96%, respectively. Also, the Rosmarinus officinalis and natural-spontaneous plants influenced infiltration by intercepting much of the rainfall water respect to the Triticum aestivum. Monitoring allowed more direct linkages to be made between management practices and their impacts on runoff and soil erosion, thereby enabling to identify problems and take appropriate preventive measures to improve the management practices.     

Techniques to Reduce the Impact of Asulam Drift from Helicopter Sprayers on Native Vegetation

Asulam is often applied from the air to control bracken. This herbicide affects other ferns and spray drift could affect their survival. This paper discusses the use of bioassays to assess drift (a) spatially around a single bracken patch, (b) downwind from sprayed areas, and (c) spatially in undulating terrain and with different vegetation cover types. The aims were to develop policies to protect sensitive habitats. It is suggested that “no-spray” buffer zones in excess of 160–180 m are needed to minimise risk. Protection of rare ferns from overstorey vegetation or from steep slopes did not occur. Although less drift was found upwind there was significant damage at the end of the helicopter runs because of errors in switching the sprayer on and off.     

WATER-ENERGY CONFLICTS IN MONTANA'S YELLOWSTONE RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT The abundant, high-quality waters of the Yellowstone River Basin have fostered a strong agricultural-based economy in eastern Montana. The region also contains the nation's largest strippable coal reserves. Numerous conflicts have developed around the mining of coal and in-state conversion of coal into electricity and synthetic fuels – processes that require large volumes of water. Competition for water among industrialists, agriculturalists, and others is a critical state issue. Probable effects of increased water diversions, the nature of water-energy conflicts, and state efforts to control development are discussed.     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ON SURFACE WATER CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS AND LOAD RATES IN THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Information is lacking on the watershed scale effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds for coal on surface water chemical concentrations and load rates for a variety of constituents. These effects were evaluated on three small, geologically dissimilar watersheds subjected to surface mining in Ohio. Comparisons were made between phases of land disturbances using ratios of average concentrations and load rates: Phase 1 (natural), subphases of Phase 2 (mining and reclamation), and subphases of Phase 3 (partial reclamation and final condition) using 4,485 laboratory analyses of 34 constituents. Average concentration and load rate ratios were categorized into three classes—minor, moderate, and substantial. Mining and reclamation (M/R) affected flow duration curves in different ways‐baseflow changes were variable, but high flows generally increased. The average concentration ratios for all sites were classified as 15 percent “minor,” 36 percent “moderate,” and 49 percent “substantial” (average ratio of 2.4.) Generally load rate ratios increased due to mining and reclamation activities (average ratio of 3.3). Minor, moderate, and substantial impacts were found on average for 7 percent, 23 percent, and 70 percent, respectively, of load rate ratios. The impact of M/R on average load rates was not necessarily the same as on average concentrations due to changed hydrology and can be opposite in effect. The evaluation of the impacts of M/R requires knowledge of changing hydrologic conditions and changing supplies and rates of release of chemicals into streams. Median sediment concentration ratio is an indicator of average constituent load rate ratio of a wide variety of chemical constituents and is useful for development of best management practices to reduce chemical loads. The site at which diversion ditches were not removed during final reclamation sustained large chemical load rates, and removal of diversions at the other mined site reduced load rates. Revegetation of poorly reclaimed areas decreased chemical load rates. Chemical load rates were sensitive to geology, mining, and reclamation methods, diversions, and changing hydrology, concentration flow rate regressions, and watershed areas.     

建筑物下采煤技术的研究现状与发展趋势

我国建筑物下采煤的研究从20世纪60年代开始,先后在本溪、鹤壁、抚顺、枣庄、峰峰、蛟河等矿区进行试验,取得了成功的经验和宝贵的监测资料。在综合分析大量文献的基础上,从协调开采法、充填开采方法、条带开采、覆岩离层注浆等多种开采技术对建筑物下开采方法进行了研究和论述;展望了我国建筑物下开采的发展趋势,认为覆岩离层注浆、矸石充填、条带开采、原地重建抗变形房将是我国建筑物下采煤技术的发展方向。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复模式对沟谷地植物群落生物量和物种多样性的影响

对黄土丘陵区3个不同植被恢复模式沟谷地植被群落的生物量和物种多样性特征进行样方调查,统计分析了不同植被恢复模式沟谷地植物群落的盖度、生物量、物种多样性、植物种群相似系数。调查共记录植物82种,隶属32个科;其中,乔木植物5科,6种;灌木植物8科,11种。经过20 a左右的植被恢复重建,不同植被恢复模式沟谷地的植被群落均呈现良好演替趋势;人工植被柠条灌丛和刺槐林恢复模式对沟谷地草本层盖度和群落枯落物盖度及生物量方面作用效果较好;而天然草地对沟谷地草本层生物量方面作用效果较好;沟谷地物种多样性指数表现出人工植被恢复模式效果优于自然恢复,而且人工柠条灌丛植被恢复模式优于人工刺槐林植被恢复模式。柠条灌丛沟谷地不同坡位植物种群相似系数较高,而刺槐林沟谷地和天然草地沟谷地不同坡位植物种群相似系数略低;沟谷地的种群相似系数在沟坡上部略高于沟坡下部和沟底,东坡略高于西坡。人工植被建设可以促进黄土丘陵区沟谷地的植被恢复进程。论文建议在今后黄土丘陵区沟谷地人工植被建设过程中,需要加大乡土树种的引入、提高树种的多样性、合理树种的空间配置和注意灌/乔树种的比例。     

干旱区绿洲内城市(镇)扩展的空间辐射效应

近几十年来,干旱绿洲区城镇村居民用地的增加加剧了相邻区域土地利用/覆被的变化。以甘州区、临泽县城和高台县城1985年的城市(镇)空间域为辐射核心,在辐射半径不相交的条件下,以间隔2 km为辐射半径,采用GS技术中的缓冲分析对黑河中游张掖绿洲1985、1995和2006年3个时期的土地利用/覆被时空变化进行了分析。结果表明:张掖绿洲的土地利用/覆被变化以农田和城镇村居民用地增加、草地和未利用土地减少为主要特点。在空间尺度上,农田和城镇村居民用地随离核心城镇区的距离的增加而减少,而草地和未利用土地则相反。在时间尺度上,农田和城镇村居民用地在不同的时间段都呈增加的趋势,其中农田的增加主要在辐射距离10 km的范围,城镇村居民用地的增加主要在辐射距离4 km的范围;而林地、草地、水域和未利用土地基本呈降低的趋势,但是在1985—1995年间林地、水域和未利用土地在距离核心区6~8 km和12~14 km内也有增加。从土地流转特点来看,绿洲内部城镇扩展是以农田、草地和林地转换为城镇村居民用地为主,这一变化趋势随距离城市核心区的距离增加而逐渐降低。     

河套地区几种沉水植物无性繁衍特性研究

沉水植物对于湖泊生态系统有着重要的作用,它们不仅是水生环境食物链中重要的生产者,同时还对湖泊的营养物沉积和循环有着重要的作用,从而影响着湖泊的富营养化进程。本文以黄河内蒙古段河套灌区湖泊中常见的三种沉水植物篦齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus）、穿叶眼子菜（Potamogeton perfoliatus Linn）和狐尾藻（Myriophyllum verticillatum）为研究对象,对其无性繁殖方式和能力进行了初步研究。观察了这三种植物的营养繁殖结构,并利用茎节切段进行了人工培养试验。结果表明：三种植物均具有很高的营养繁殖潜力。由茎节处萌发新芽和新根并逐渐形成完整的植物体。植株地上部分截断后扦插及漂浮水中处理的成活率较高。而截断后的地下根茎及匍匐茎埋入淤泥后成活率极低。根据三种植物的营养繁殖潜力,探讨了人为收获这些植物的可能性以及其利用潜力。同时,评估了收获这些植物可能对湖泊水生植物群系改变以及湖泊富营养化转型的风险。     

微生物燃料电池利用甘薯燃料乙醇废水产电的研究

利用空气阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC)处理甘薯燃料乙醇废水,以COD为5000mg/L的废水做底物,获得的最大电功率密度为334.1mW/m2,库仑效率(CE)为10.1%,COD去除率为92.2%.实验进一步考察了磷酸缓冲液(PBS)浓度和废水浓度对MFC产电性能的影响.PBS含量从50mmol/L增加到200mmol/L,MFC输出的最大电功率密度提高了33.4%,CE增加26.0%,但PBS对废水的COD去除率影响不大.含50mmol/LPBS的废水COD从625mg/L增加到10000mg/L,COD去除率和MFC输出的最大电功率密度在废水浓度为5000mg/L处均获得最大值,但CE值有降低的趋势,从28.9%变化至10.3%.这些结果表明,MFC可以在处理甘薯燃料乙醇废水的同时获得电能;增大PBS浓度能提高MFC的产电性能;MFC输出的最大电功率密度随废水COD增加而增大,但废水浓度过高会引起酸化使MFC产电性能下降.