实验条件对太湖水体中藻蓝蛋白提取结果的影响

基于野外采集的太湖水样和室内培养的铜绿微囊藻,对比了典型实验条件对太湖水体中藻蓝蛋白提取结果的影响。结果表明:(1)在太湖水样的藻蓝蛋白提取中,磷酸盐缓冲液浓度的影响微弱,0.01～0.2 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液均适宜浸提太湖水样中的藻蓝蛋白。冻融前加入缓冲液提取的藻蓝蛋白效果较好。-50℃冷冻温度的提取效率高于-20℃。(2)铜绿微囊藻和太湖水样在磷酸盐缓冲液加入顺序和冷冻温度上存在差异。对于室内培养的铜绿微囊藻,磷酸盐缓冲液可在冻融前加入,也可于冻融后加入。冷冻温度以-20℃为宜。(3)稀释测量结果显示,随着稀释比例的降低,最大吸收峰值线性减小,对应的波长位置发生了偏移。稀释比例和藻蓝蛋白浓度呈良好的线性关系。     

不同降雨特征下缓冲带水分及TN分配规律

以3种典型植被缓冲带为研究对象,基于现场监测、质量平衡、相关分析等方法,探明缓冲带水分分配与降雨、土壤因子的关联性,确定水分及总氮(TN)污染负荷去除分配系数.结果表明,径流与降雨量呈高度正相关(0.980～0.987,P<0.01),渗流与降雨量、降雨历时呈显著正相关(0.595～0.828,P<0.01).植被缓冲...     

Prairie strips reduce fecal indicator bacteria concentrations in simulated runoff

Vegetative filter strips (VFS) have shown promising results in reducing the downstream transport of many agroecosystem contaminants. A recently developed type of VFS, prairie strips, has been shown to significantly reduce the impact of corn and soybean production systems on water quality in terms of sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus losses. This study assessed potential additional benefits of prairie strips to include the reduction of pathogens. To assess the impact of prairie strips on manure-laden agricultural runoff, we utilized a physical model of prairie strips in a laboratory flume to conduct highly controlled overland flow experiments. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus concentration reductions of up to 45% and 65% were observed for runoff and infiltration flows, respectively, while mass load reductions of up to 65% were observed for surficial runoff flows. The degree of concentration or mass load reductions was dependent on the residence time of the flow within the strip and the partitioning of overland flow running onto the strip to infiltration and runoff flows. Based on our results and a review of the literature, we developed a design method to provide guidance on the width of prairie strip buffer needed to achieve a user-defined reduction of fecal bacteria concentration.     

土壤性质对水稻土中外源镉与铅生物有效性的影响

为定量了解土壤理化性质对进入土壤中的外源镉和铅生物有效性的影响,采集了性质相差较大的16个水稻土,通过添加Cd(或Pb)培养和老化处理(Cd的加入量为0、0.2、0.5、1、2和5 mg·kg-1;Pb加入量为0、20、50、100、200和500 mg·kg-1,培养时间为1年),研究了不同土壤中Cd(或Pb)负荷与土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)的关系.结果表明,随着Cd(或Pb)污染水平的提高,土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)均显著增加,但不同土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)随土壤Cd(或Pb)积累的增加幅度有很大的差异.相关分析表明,水稻土中水溶性Cd(或Pb)主要与土壤Cd(或Pb)污染水平和pH值有关;而交换态Cd(或Pb)主要与土壤Cd(或Pb)污染水平、pH值、CEC及质地等有关.数据显示,pH值较高、质地较黏的土壤可大大减缓因污染引起的CA和Pb生物有效性的提高.     

Vegetative Buffer Strips for Reducing Herbicide Transport in Runoff: Effects of Buffer Width,Vegetation, and Season

The effectiveness of vegetative buffer strips (VBS) for reducing herbicide transport has not been well documented for runoff prone soils. A multi‐year plot‐scale study was conducted on an eroded claypan soil with the following objectives: (1) assess the effects of buffer width, vegetation, and season on runoff transport of atrazine (ATR), metolachlor (MET), and glyphosate; (2) develop VBS design criteria for herbicides; and (3) compare differences in soil quality among vegetation treatments. Rainfall simulation was used to create uniform antecedent soil water content and to generate runoff. Vegetation treatment and buffer width impacted herbicide loads much more than season. Grass treatments reduced herbicide loads by 19‐28% and sediment loads by 67% compared to the control. Grass treatments increased retention of dissolved‐phase herbicides by both infiltration and adsorption, but adsorption accounted for the greatest proportion of retained herbicide load. This latter finding indicated VBS can be effective on poorly drained soils or when the source to buffer area ratio is high. Grass treatments modestly improved surface soil quality 8‐13 years after establishment, with significant increases in organic C, total N, and ATR and MET sorption compared to continuously tilled control. Herbicide loads as a function of buffer width were well described by first‐order decay models which indicated VBS can provide significant load reductions under anticipated field conditions.     

粪大肠菌群快速测定——纸片法的应用

采集苏州具有代表性的地表水水体22个点位的样品,进行粪大肠菌群的测定方法比较,结果表明,《粪大肠菌群快速测定--纸片法》适于测定受粪便污染程度较轻的湖泊水体.但是,该方法的培养时间对阳性管率有明显影响,认为16 h～18 h是比较理想的培养时间.     

梯级生态湿地对污水厂尾水水质提升作用的数值模拟研究

以无锡城北污水厂尾水水质提升的梯级生态湿地为研究对象,以湿地长序列水质监测数据为基础,采用MIKE21二维流场模块(HD)耦合ECO Lab的“WQ with nutrients”模块开展梯级生态湿地系统的数值模拟研究,率定水质净化关键参数,研究梯级生态湿地对污水厂尾水水质净化作用.结果表明,梯级生态湿地对COD、BOD、NH₃-N、NO₃^-和PO₄^3-的平均去除率分别为26.08%、26.08%、52.50%、31.62%和56.98%,污染物削减负荷分别为1.52、0.23、0.18、0.93和0.044 g·m^-2·d^-1,湿地系统的水动力和水质模拟误差分别在5%和15%之内.模拟率定了BOD一级反应降解系数和硝化作用、反硝化作用一级反应系数,以及植物、微生物吸收NH₃-N和PO₄^3-系数等梯级生态湿地水质净化关键参数,提出了梯级生态湿地水质提升的污染物削减途径;...     

Oxidative dissolution of uraninite precipitated on Navajo sandstone

Column and batch experiments were conducted with sandstone and ground water samples to investigate oxidation of uraninite precipitated by microbially mediated reduction of U(VI), a contaminant in ground water beneath a uranium mill tailings site near Tuba City, AZ, USA. Uraninite precipitated together with mackinawite (FeS_0.9) because Fe(III) from the sandstone and sulfate, another contaminant in the water were reduced together with U(VI). After completion of U(VI) reduction, experiments were conducted to find out whether uraninite is protected by mackinawite against reoxidation. Uncontaminated ground water from the same site, containing 7 mg/l of dissolved oxygen, was passed through the columns or mixed with sandstone in batch experiments. The results showed that small masses of uraninite, 0.1 μg/g of sandstone, are protected by mackinawite from reoxidation. Uraninite masses on the order of 0.1 μg/g correspond to U(VI) concentrations of 0.5 mg/l, typically encountered in uranium contaminated ground waters. Mackinawite is an effective buffer and is formed in sufficient quantity to provide long-term protection of uraninite. Uranium concentrations in ground water passed through the columns are too low (4 μg/l) to distinguish between dissolution and oxidative dissolution of uraninite. However, batch experiments showed that uraninite oxidation takes place.     

新型填料特性及其在生物脱硫中的应用

为解决生物脱硫反应器酸化问题,研制出一种具有pH缓冲能力的生物填料。填料主要由碳酸钙﹑纯丙乳液和羟丙基纤维素制得。填料在水中浸泡6个月不会分解,吸水率大于20%。考察填料pH缓冲能力,结果表明,填料能将pH=5.0水溶液调节至pH=6.5以上。选取缓冲能力较稳定的BT50填料填充于反应器,以排硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thio-parus)挂膜,5个循环后反应器有效体积内的最大固定化菌体数量约为5.86×108cells/mL,并且硫代硫酸钠的消耗速率基本稳定,表明该填料可用于生物挂膜。在长达50 d脱硫实验中,H2S脱除率均在95%以上,整个脱硫阶段不再加入任何pH调节剂,反应器内pH仍能维持在6.7～7.1之间。     

Impact of pH buffer capacity of sediment on dechlorination of atrazine using zero valent iron

This research investigated the role of the pH buffer capacity of sediment on the dechlorination of atrazine using zero valent iron (ZVI). The buffer capacity of the sediment was quantified by batch experiments and estimated to be 5.0 cmol OH^? · pH^?1. The sediments were spiked with atrazine at 7.25-36.23 mg kg^?1 (6.21 × 10^?7–3.09 × 10^?6 mol atrazine · g^?1 sediment) for the batch experiments. The buffer capacity of the sediment maintained the sediment suspension at neutral pH, thereby enabling continuous dechlorination until the buffer capacity of the sediment was depleted. The pseudo-first order dechlorination constants were estimated to be in the range of 1.19 × 10^?2?7.04 × 10^?2 d^?1 for the atrazine-spiked sediments.