主要部门污染物控制政策的温室气体协同效果分析与评价

工程减排、结构减排和监督管理减排是实现我国污染物减排的三个主要措施,近年来我国SO2的排放呈现出下降的态势,本文选取电力、钢铁和水泥这3个重要行业,测算了在"十一五"以来SO2的减排效果,以及由其带来CO2减排的协同效果。结果显示,"十一五"期间,3个主要行业减少污染物排放超过1 000万t,其中工程减少污染物排放超过700万t,结构减少污染物排放300万t。由此带来的协同效果显示,由于结构减排带来了超过7亿t CO2的减排,而由于工程效应减少污染物的同时带来的CO2增加500万t,因此总计带来7-8亿t CO2的减排。而"十二五"前两年减少污染物排放400万t,其中工程减少污染物排放350万t,结构污染物排放减少了40万t。由此带来的协同效果显示,由于结构减排减少了CO2排放1.74亿t,而由于工程效应减少污染物的同时带来的CO2的增加量为200万t,因此总计带来1.72亿t CO2的减排。结构减排和工程减排两种措施可以在行业内实现降低污染物的排放,但是其贡献程度由于行业的差异有所不同。"十一五"期间电力行业较多是依靠工程减排实现SO2排放的降低,而水泥和钢铁行业则更多是依靠行政命令如关停落后产能和机组实现污染物的减排,显示出电力行业通过技术实现污染物的减排,而其他两个行业则主要靠调整结构来实现减排。电力行业中的末端治理技术即工程减排贡献了大部分的污染物减排,但是与此同时由于末端治理技术会导致能源消耗的增加,即引起CO2排放的增加,因此污染物的协同控制效果较差,而钢铁和水泥行业的污染物减排则由于更多是通过结构调整的手段,如关停落后产能和机组,因此其协同效果较为显著。"十三五"期间,需要继续控制双高产业的发展,强化"前端"污染物控制减排,夯实结构减排的协同成效,加大工程减排的实施,缩小减排工程能力和实际减排效果的差距,实现"末端"污染物减排,加强"前端"审批和"中段"运行管理效果。     

成都市道路细颗粒物污染特征

2013年9月20—28日,通过采集成都市城区道路大气环境中的PM2.5样品,分析测定了其中可溶性无机离子、碳组分和金属元素含量。结果表明,PM2.5中Fe、Mn、Ti、Si、Al等主要来源于机动车行驶产生的道路扬尘,Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn等主要来源于机动车尾气及零部件磨损;PM2.5中水溶性无机离子占道路大气环境细颗粒物的33.7%,A/C比值为0.95,表明细颗粒物偏弱碱性;机动车尾气排放的OC1、OC2、OC4和EC1等4种碳组分占道路大气环境细颗粒物碳组分的65.8%,且OC/EC比值为2.9,有二次有机碳(SOC)产生。     

机动车尾气扩散模型研究进展

机动车尾气扩散模型作为一种重要的工具被用于评估城市空气质量、为污染控制战略以及交通规划决策制定提供支持。对国内外机动车尾气扩散模式进行了回顾,结合各种模式的特征,将其分为综合扩散模式、开阔道路线源扩散模式、交叉口道路扩散模式以及街道峡谷扩散模式,分别对模式的优缺点以及其适用性进行了分析,针对我国道路交通特征,提出了模型本土化所需解决的问题和未来的研究趋势。     

整体蜂窝陶瓷催化剂催化氧化法脱除低浓度VOCs的实验研究

本文讨论了目前有机污染物脱除的各种方法 ,并将催化活性组分担载在经Al2 O3 修饰的整体蜂窝陶瓷支撑体上 ,制备了催化氧化法脱除低浓度有机污染物 (VOCs)ZDL - 1催化剂 ,在固定床反应器进行了连续工艺条件实验。结果表明 ,ZDL 1催化剂具有低温启动性能好、脱除VOCs的效率高、稳定性好的突出优点 ,且床层压降低。为ZDL 1催化剂应用于不同过程脱除VOCs提供基础     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oil-contaminated soil: A two-step method for the isolation and characterization of PAHs

A two-step analytical method is developed for the isolation and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in crude oil contaminated soil. In the first step, those crude oil components were isolated which are easily mobilized with water from the contaminated soil (determination of groundwater pollution potential). In the second step, the fraction containing the remaining crude oil compounds was extracted using toluene. After the cleanup of the fractions, both fractions were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC of the toluene extracted fraction shows that along with the sixteen priority pollutants from the US-EPA list, many other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present as well. It is evident from the chromatograms that a significant amount of PAHs are present as is also the case in the fractions eluted by water. The described method allows the determination of total organic pollutants from crude oil, some of them being potential groundwater contaminants. The major part of the total pollutants could not be mobilized by water and therefore remains in the soil, which was extracted in the second step.     

室内空气中挥发性有机化合物及多孔炭材料在其脱除中的应用

随着工业化进程的不断推进,室内空气中的挥发性有机化合物（ＶＯＣ） 对室内环境的污染日渐严重,对人体的健康也造成了危害。本文对此作了介绍,并综述了国内外室内空气污染物的监测、采样、分析手段及治理方法,着重叙述了多孔炭材料在环保中的应用开发。     

Organochlorine levels in viperine snake Natrix maura carcasses from the ebro delta (NE Spain): Sexual and size-related differences

Organochlorine compounds (PCBs, DDTs and HCB) in carcasses from a population of the Viperine Snake (Natrix maura) living in the Ebro Delta were analyzed. This is a wetland area on the Mediterranean coast where the natural ecosystem has been partially substituted by rice fields. High levels of pollutants (mainly DDTs and PCBs) have been detected in several species living in this area, due to the production of these compounds by a former industrial activity upstream as well as agricultural activity in the Delta. Organochlorines were analyzed in adult males and females, and in immature snakes. DDTs (mainly p,p′-DDE) were the most abundant pollutant present. The DDT/PCB ratio was higher than expected, which is consistent with the position of the Viperine Snake in the trophic web as well as the type of prey consumed. Immature snakes had more organochlorines than adults. However, the broad range of concentrations shown by immature snakes, suggested that part of the organochlorine load is transferred from gravid females to their eggs. In adults, organochlorine concentrations increased with carcass weight in both males and females. This increase was higher in males since females lost contaminants through fat investment during vitellogenesis. Seasonally, PCBs and DDTs levels increased in spring when snakes showed higher feeding activity, whereas higher levels of HCB were present at the end of summer, when the river input increased. Furthermore, HCB does not seem to biomagnify well across the trophic chain. Organochlorine concentrations in Viperine Snake carcasses were high since: 1) the dry tissue had less than 5% of fat, and 2) snakes were caught many years after the DDT ban, supporting the fact that cleaning of the ecosystem does not occur easily. These results indicate that snakes are adequate as indicators of the contamination in natural ecosystems but sex and body size of the samples should be taken into account for interpretation of results.     

Residues of legacy organochlorine pesticides and DDT metabolites in highly consumed fish from the polluted Guanabara Bay,Brazil: distribution and assessment of human health risk

Abstract

Organochlorine (OCP) pesticides were determined in samples of sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis), whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri), and mullet (Mugil liza) from Guanabara Bay (state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). OCP concentrations and fish consumption were linked with acceptable daily intake values in order to assess the human health risk for the Brazilian population. The total concentrations of OCPs (Σ OCP) was 6.6?ng/g f.w., 7.5?ng/g f.w., and 2.8?ng/g f.w. for sardines, corvina, and mullet, respectively. There was a significant difference (P?<?0.05) among the species related to o,p’-DDD and o,p’-DDT concentrations. Both DDT-related compounds were 5 and 76 times more abundant in sardines than in whitemouth croaker and mullet. Newly discovered DDT metabolite, o-Cl-DDMU, was frequently detected in the fish. None of the samples exceeded the maximum limits for acceptable levels of OCP residues. According to the data of average intake of Brazilian population, none of three species exceeded toxicological parameter. The investigated fishes are considered as safe for human consumption in regard to exposure of the studied OCPs. However, fish may be a intake source of OCP metabolites such as o-Cl-DDMU whose toxicity is still unknown.     

太湖西岸宜兴城市水系污染物时空分布特征

选用2011-2014年宜兴市12个监测断面21个水质指标的连续监测数据,解析太湖西岸宜兴城市水系污染物的时空分异特征及影响因素。结果表明,宜兴市城区及入太湖河流污染严重,86.05%以上时段内处于劣Ⅴ类水平,特征污染物为TN、NH3-N、BOD5、TP、COD和Hg。污染物空间分异程度大小依次为：AR-OH >NH3-N >Hg >TP >COD >BOD5 >F- >oil=CODMn >LAS >TN >DO。不同区域河流污染物浓度随时间变化基本一致,有机物夏季波动较大主要受温度和降雨的双重影响,TN和NH3-N浓度标线出明显的季节变化：春季 >冬季 >夏季 >秋季,Hg、LAS、AR-OH表现出瞬时排放特性,且主要发生在年初。由分析可得,土地利用强度和方式是影响宜兴市城区及入湖河流污染物分布特征的最主要因素,其次是污染来源、河道类型等的影响,表现为城市核心区、三氿入湖区和西北入湖区污染程度依次增大,但差异水平不明显,西南入湖区则相对较轻。     

Sources and processes affecting concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter in Birmingham (U.K.)

Hourly average concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 have been measured simultaneously at a site within Birmingham U.K. between October 1994 and October 1995. Comparison of PM₁₀ and NO_x data with two other sites in the same city shows comparable summer and winter mean concentrations and highly significant inter-site correlations for both hourly and daily mean data. Over a four-month period samples were also collected for chemical analysis of sulphate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium and elemental and organic carbon. Analysis of the data indicates a marked difference between summer and winter periods. In the winter months PM_2.5 comprises about 80% of PM₁₀ and is strongly correlated with NO_x indicating the importance of road traffic as a source. In the summer months, coarse particles (PM₁₀−PM_2.5) account for almost 50% of PM₁₀ and the influence of resuspended surface dusts and soils and of secondary particulate matter is evident. The chemical analysis data are also consistent with three sources dominating the PM₁₀ composition: vehicle exhaust emissions, secondary ammonium salts and resuspended surface dusts. Coarse particles from resuspension showed a positive dependence on windspeed, whilst elemental carbon derived from road traffic exhibited a negative dependence.