基于远程数据的重型柴油车实际道路碳排放测算准确度

利用车载排放测试系统(PEMS),对3辆加装有车载诊断系统(OBD)远程监控设备的重型柴油车进行实际道路排放测试,以获取车辆实际道路基于电子控制器单元(ECU)的OBD远程油耗数据,分析碳排放结果的准确性及其影响因素.研究发现,基于碳平衡法获取的ECU油耗换算CO₂与车载排放测量系统(PEMS)直接测量的CO₂排放结果存在差异,二者偏差平均为2.06%.对影响ECU碳排放计算的关键因素(ECU油耗量和ECU行驶距离)的准确性进行了分析,发现ECU油耗的偏差均在3%以内,而ECU测量距离的平均偏差为2.41%.ECU油耗和行驶距离的准确度会受到车速、加速度和整个行程动态的影响.当车辆低速行驶时,其准确度较低.     

在用轻型汽油车尾气超标现状调查分析及治理措施

对郑州汽车尾气排放量所占份额较大的在用轻型汽油车进行较长时间的调查，将不同产地，车型，厂牌的汽车尾气超标状况进行了排序，同时对超标的原因进行了分析提出了治理措施与对策。     

小议机动车尾气污染的控制对策

随着城市机动车保有量的不断增长,机动车尾气污染问题已经成为城市空气污染最重要的来源,控制机动车尾气污染也已经成为改善城市大气环境质量的当务之急.本文力图通过对发达国家机动车尾气控制的经验的借鉴及中国目前状况的对比分析,为降低中国机动车尾气污染排放提供些思考和建议.     

Injury-severity analysis of lane change crashes involving commercial motor vehicles on interstate highways

Introduction: One of the challenging tasks for drivers is the ability to change lanes around large commercial motor vehicles. Lane changing is often characterized by speed, and crashes that occur due to unsafe lane changes can have serious consequences. Considering the economic importance of commercial trucks, ensuring the safety, security, and resilience of freight transportation is of paramount concern to the United States Department of Transportation and other stakeholders. Method: In this study, a mixed (random parameters) logit model was developed to better understand the relationship between crash factors and associated injury severities of commercial vehicle crashes involving lane change on interstate highways. The study was based on 2009–2016 crash data from Alabama. Results: Preliminary data analysis showed that about 4% of the observed crashes were major injury crashes and drivers of commercial motor vehicles were at-fault in more than half of the crashes. Acknowledging potential crash data limitations, the model estimation results reveal that there is increased probability of major injury when lane change crashes occurred on dark unlit portions of interstates and involve older drivers, at-fault commercial vehicle drivers, and female drivers. The results further show that lane change crashes that occurred on interstates with higher number of travel lanes were less likely to have major injury outcomes. Practical Applications: These findings can help policy makers and state transportation agencies increase awareness on the hazards of changing lanes in the immediate vicinity and driving in the blind spots of large commercial motor vehicles. Additionally, law enforcement efforts may be intensified during times and locations of increased unsafe lane changing activities. These findings may also be useful in commercial vehicle driver training and driver licensing programs.     

交通活动对公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属含量的影响

为了解公路交通带来的重金属污染及其在公路两侧土壤中的分布规律,对相关研究结果的分析表明,含铅汽油、润滑油的燃烧,汽车轮胎、刹车里村的机械磨损等是公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属污染的重要来源.机动车辆排放的含重金属颗粒物或直接沉积在路面灰尘中,或通过干湿沉降沉积在公路两侧的土壤中,使得公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属出现不同程度的积累.一般地,公路两侧土壤中重金属含量随着距公路距离的增加呈指数形式下降.公路两侧土壤中重金属的含量及其分布格局因受交通流量、车辆类型、地形与路况、绿化带配置和风、降雨等气象条件的影响而异.     

浅谈汽车内空气污染来源及影响因素

随着中国社会经济的不断发展,人民生活水平的不断提高,汽车已逐渐成为人们日常生活中的一部分。然而在世界的范围内,汽车内的空气污染问题已越来越得到重视,但就国内的情况而言,汽车内的空气污染问题却没有随着汽车的普及而得到人们足够的认识。有见及此,本文指出了造成汽车内空气污染的几种主要污染来源及其有可能产生的危害,同时讲述了影响车内空气质量的几种主要因素,并就此给出了相关污染减轻的建议,希望籍此减少汽车内空气污染对人们健康的危害。     

Sustainable design for automotive products: Dismantling and recycling of end-of-life vehicles

The growth in automotive production has increased the number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) annually. The traditional approach ELV processing involves dismantling, shredding, and landfill disposal. The “3R” (i.e., reduce, reuse, and recycle) principle has been increasingly employed in processing ELVs, particularly ELV parts, to promote sustainable development. The first step in processing ELVs is dismantling. However, certain parts of the vehicle are difficult to disassemble and use in practice. The extended producer responsibility policy requires carmakers to contribute in the processing of scrap cars either for their own developmental needs or for social responsibility. The design for dismantling approach can be an effective solution to the existing difficulties in dismantling ELVs. This approach can also provide guidelines in the design of automotive products. This paper illustrates the difficulty of handling polymers in dashboards. The physical properties of polymers prevent easy separation and recycling by using mechanical methods. Thus, dealers have to rely on chemical methods such as pyrolysis. Therefore, car designers should use a single material to benefit dealers. The use of materials for effective end-of-life processing without sacrificing the original performance requirements of the vehicle should be explored.     

Deciphering urban traffic impacts on air quality by deep learning and emission inventory

Air pollution is a major obstacle to future sustainability, and traffic pollution has become a large drag on the sustainable developments of future metropolises. Here, combined with the large volume of real-time monitoring data, we propose a deep learning model, iDeepAir, to predict surface-level PM_2.5 concentration in Shanghai megacity and link with MEIC emission inventory creatively to decipher urban traffic impacts on air quality. Our model exhibits high-fidelity in reproducing pollutant concentrations and reduces the MAE from 25.355 µg/m³ to 12.283 µg/m³ compared with other models. And identifies the ranking of major factors, local meteorological conditions have become a nonnegligible factor. Layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) is used here to enhance the interpretability of the model and we visualize and analyze the reasons for the different correlation between traffic density and PM_2.5 concentration in various regions of Shanghai. Meanwhile, As the strict and effective industrial emission reduction measurements implementing in China, the contribution of urban traffic to PM_2.5 formation calculated by combining MEIC emission inventory and LRP is gradually increasing from 18.03% in 2011 to 24.37% in 2017 in Shanghai, and the impact of traffic emissions would be ever-prominent in 2030 according to our prediction. We also infer that the promotion of vehicular electrification would achieve further alleviation of PM_2.5 about 8.45% by 2030 gradually. These insights are of great significance to provide the decision-making basis for accurate and high-efficient traffic management and urban pollution control, and eventually benefit people's lives and high-quality sustainable developments of cities.     

Research on the recycling industry development model for typical exterior plastic components of end-of-life passenger vehicle based on the SWOT method

In-depth studies on the recycling of typical automotive exterior plastic parts are significant and beneficial for environmental protection, energy conservation, and sustainable development of China. In the current study, several methods were used to analyze the recycling industry model for typical exterior parts of passenger vehicles in China. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of the current recycling industry for typical exterior parts of passenger vehicles were analyzed comprehensively based on the SWOT method. The internal factor evaluation matrix and external factor evaluation matrix were used to evaluate the internal and external factors of the recycling industry. The recycling industry was found to respond well to all the factors and it was found to face good developing opportunities. Then, the cross-link strategies analysis for the typical exterior parts of the passenger car industry of China was conducted based on the SWOT analysis strategies and established SWOT matrix. Finally, based on the aforementioned research, the recycling industry model led by automobile manufacturers was promoted.     

电动汽车用电机及其控制器振动试验方法的探讨

振动试验是汽车产品设计验证和质量检验重要试验方法。本文主要从试验标准、试验条件、振动试验中主要参数的计算推导及应用、试验工装的设计、试验中应注意的问题等方面对电动汽车电机及其控制器的振动试验进行介绍。