基于远程数据的重型柴油车实际道路碳排放测算准确度

利用车载排放测试系统(PEMS),对3辆加装有车载诊断系统(OBD)远程监控设备的重型柴油车进行实际道路排放测试,以获取车辆实际道路基于电子控制器单元(ECU)的OBD远程油耗数据,分析碳排放结果的准确性及其影响因素.研究发现,基于碳平衡法获取的ECU油耗换算CO₂与车载排放测量系统(PEMS)直接测量的CO₂排放结果存在差异,二者偏差平均为2.06%.对影响ECU碳排放计算的关键因素(ECU油耗量和ECU行驶距离)的准确性进行了分析,发现ECU油耗的偏差均在3%以内,而ECU测量距离的平均偏差为2.41%.ECU油耗和行驶距离的准确度会受到车速、加速度和整个行程动态的影响.当车辆低速行驶时,其准确度较低.     

Impacts of Off-Road Vehicles (ORVs) on Macrobenthic Assemblages on Sandy Beaches

Sandy beaches are the prime sites for human recreation and underpin many coastal economies and developments. In many coastal areas worldwide, beach recreation relies on the use of off-road vehicles (ORVs) driven on the shore. Yet, the use of ORVs is not universally embraced due to social conflicts with other beach user groups and putative environmental consequences of vehicle traffic on sandy shores. Such ecological impacts of ORVs are, however, poorly understood for endobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone seawards of the dunes. Consequently, this study quantified the degree to which assemblages of intertidal beach invertebrates are affected by traffic. The study design comprised a series of temporally replicated spatial contrasts between two reference sites (no ORVs) and two beaches with heavy ORV traffic (in excess of 250,000 vehicles per year) located in South-East Queensland, Australia. Macrobenthic assemblages on ORV-impacted beaches had significantly fewer species at substantially reduced densities, resulting in marked shifts in community composition and structure. These shifts were particularly strong on the middle and upper shore where vehicle traffic was concentrated. Strong effects of ORVs were detectable in all seasons, but increased towards the summer months as a result of heavier traffic volumes. This study provides clear evidence that ORVs can have substantial impacts on sandy beach invertebrates that are manifested throughout the whole community. Demonstrating such an ecological impact caused by a single type of human use poses a formidable challenge to management, which needs to develop multi-faceted approaches to balance environmental, social, cultural, and economic arguments in the use of sandy shores, including management of “beach traffic.”     

推广新能源汽车碳减排和大气污染控制的协同效益研究——以上海市为例

随着我国机动车数量的持续增长,交通运输行业已经成为仅次于工业部门的第二大能源消费部门,也是温室气体排放和空气污染物的主要贡献部门.为了支持低碳发展,自2009年起,中国便开始使用新能源汽车取代传统燃油汽车.通过上海市2016年纯电动和插电式混合动力的私家车、出租车和公交车的行驶情况、能源消耗和排放因子等数据,对新能源汽车运行过程以及所需电能生产过程中产生的大气污染物和CO₂的排放量进行了测算,利用协同控制坐标系评价和污染物减排量交叉弹性分析方法探讨了新能源汽车的协同减排能力与效果.基于协同效益潜力分析结果,对推广3类新能源汽车的协同效益进行了排序,结果表明纯电动公交车具有最佳的碳减排和大气污染控制协同效益,纯电动以及插电式混合动力私家车和出租车对CO、NO_x、NMHC、PM₁₀都具有协同效益,而插电式混合动力公交车不具备协同效益.     

基于全生命周期评价理论的EREV/BEV/ICEV环境效益及减碳经济性评估

为完善增程式电动汽车（Extended range electric vehicle,EREV）全生命周期环境影响和经济效益评价研究,对EREV、纯电动汽车（Battery electric vehicle,BEV）和内燃机汽车（Internal combustion engine vehicle,ICEV）进行了对比分析.基于生命周期评价理论和生命周期成本分析方法,构建了车辆生命周期资源消耗、能源消耗、环境影响和成本评价模型,针对不同汽车各阶段材料消耗、能源消耗和环境排放三大特性,识别EREV、BEV和ICEV的环境负荷差异,并从初始购置成本、使用维护成本和报废回收成本3个方面评价了EREV、BEV和ICEV的生命周期成本差异.综合碳排放特性和经济属性,进一步提出减碳经济性评价指标,科学评价EREV和BEV的环境效益和减碳经济性,并讨论了不同电力结构下EREV、BEV和ICEV的生命周期温室气体排放情况和减碳经济性变化.对增程式电动汽车进行全生命周期内综合评价研究,进一步明确EREV在多种能源类型汽车技术路线中的环境效益和减碳经济性.结果表明,相比于ICEV,BEV和EREV在运行使用阶段和全生命周期具有降低化石能源消耗和碳排放的优势,但BEV在原材料获取和制造装配阶段表现出较高的碳排放和矿产资源消耗,EREV在生命周期具有较高的矿产资源消耗. EREV的减碳成本低于BEV,减碳经济性较好.电力结构的优化有助于EREV和BEV减碳经济性的提高.     

《大气污染防治法(修订草案)》第四十五条正当性审视

第十二届全国人大常委会第十二次会议初次审议了国务院提请审议的《大气污染防治法(修订草案)》,修订草案第四十五条拟授权省、自治区和直辖市人民政府可以采取机动车限行措施,其正当性引起社会的激烈讨论。机动车限行涉及公民所有权的限制,授权的合法性与正当性应受到公法上法律保留原则和比例原则的审查。草案第四十五条未区分高排放与低排放机动车、常态限制与临时限制,模糊地授权地方立法,不符合法律创设的目的性及必要性要求,第四十五条必须进一步明确授权范围。     

我国机动车污染防治行业2008年发展综述

综述了我国机动车污染防治行业2008年发展状况,分析了行业发展中存在的主要问题,提出了解决对策和建议,对行业的发展进行了展望。     

The time-varying factors influencing the recycling rate of products

In Europe targets have been laid down by EU legislation for the recycling rate of end-of-life vehicles to be achieved within the nearby future. It is illustrated in this paper that the definition of the recycling rate and the realisation of the imposed targets are very much dependent on different parameters such as the changing lifetime of the product and product design. It may seem obvious that the recycling rate is determined by various time-varying factors, however, this paper endeavours to describe and quantify the role of these factors on the recycling rate over time by the use of a dynamic systems model. This model permits the prediction of the recycling rate as a function of the numerous presented parameters, changing design scenarios etc. In addition, different definitions of the recycling rate will be presented and discussed. This will lead to a better understanding of the parameters affecting the recycling system and a more precise understanding of the recycling targets and their realisation as imposed by EU legislation. This paper focuses on cars, but the discussion and the definitions derived are equally valid for any end-of-life product.     

Environmental effects of soil property changes with off-road vehicle use

The effects of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on the physical and chemical properties of 6 soil series were measured at Hollister Hills State Vehicular Recreation Area in central California. Accelerated soil erosion and the alteration of surface strength, bulk density, soil moisture, temperature, and soil nutrients were quantified to gain an insight into the difficulty of revegetating altered, or modified, areas.Erosion is severe at Hollister Hills, particularly in coarse grained soils on steep slopes. Erosion displaced 0.5 and 3.0 metric tons per square meter on 2 trails on gravelly sandy loam, and 0.3 metric tons/m² from a trail on sandy loam. The surface strength and bulk density increased while the soil moisture decreased in gravelly sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, and clay. Clay loam had an increased surface strength with variably increased bulk density and no decrease in soil moisture. Diurnal temperature fluctuations increased and organic material and soil nutrients decreased in soil modified by vehicles.These property changes increase the erosion potential of the soil, impede germination of seedlings, and slow natural revegetation. Management methods in ORV-use areas should include planning trails by prior application of the universal soil loss equation and soil surveys, trail closure before complete loss of the soil mantle, and revegetation of closed areas.     

电驱动道路车辆动力锂离子电池系统气候环境试验和要求

本文是电驱动道路车辆动力锂离子电池的试验和要求标题下的气候环境部分,结合国标转化过程和实验室能力验证经历,将气候试验方法和要求作描述和解释,供实验室和相关产品的供需双方参考.