地电场观测系统故障分析及维护

本文针对地电场观测系统的构成以及日常维护和数据处理方法作一介绍,同时对天津静海台地电场观测系统出现的故障进行了实地分析和处理,以期对同类型的地电场观测台站会起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

居民住宅区内工频电磁场对人体影响分析

根据国内外有关居民住宅区中工频电磁场的相关成果,分析工频电磁场产生的生物学效应及居民住宅区工频电磁场的分布,并结合我国有关工频电磁场的一些标准以及国外的相关标准对前人已测得的居民住宅区内工频电磁场的数据进行分析,得出居民住宅区内工频电磁场对人体不会造成影响的结论。     

炼油污水处理场常见故障及处理

对炼油污水处理场的一般常见故障进行分析、讨论，提出改进意见和随机处理手段。对污水处理场的生产技术管理及污水处理场设计、改造提出见解     

Nitrous oxide emission from an agricultural field: Comparison between measurements by flux chamber and micrometerological techniques

The soil in a drained fjord area, reclaimed for arable farming, produced N₂O mainly at 75–105 cm depth, just above the ground water level. Surface emissions of N₂O were measured from discrete small areas by closed and open-flow chamber methods, using gas chromatographic analysis and over larger areas by integrative methods: flux gradient (analysis by FTIR), conditional sampling (analysis by TDLAS), and eddy covariance (analysis by TDLAS). The mean emission of N₂O as determined by chamber procedures during a 9-day campaign was 162–202 μg N₂ONm⁻²h⁻¹ from a wheat stubble and 328–467 μg N₂ONm⁻² h⁻¹ from a carrot field. The integrative approaches gave N₂O emissions of 149–495 μg N₂ONm⁻² h⁻¹, i.e. a range similar to those determined with the chamber methods. Wind direction affected the comparison of chamber and integrative methods because of patchiness of the N₂O emission over the area. When a uniform area with a single type of vegetation had a dominant effect on the N₂O gradient at the sampling mast, the temporal variation in N₂O emission determined by the flux gradient/FTIR method and chamber methods was very similar, with differences of only 18% or less in mean N₂O emission, well below the variation encountered with the chamber methods themselves. A detailed comparison of FTIR gradient and chamber data taking into account the precise emission footprint showed good agreement. It is concluded that there was no bias between the different approaches used to measure the N₂O emission and that the precision of the measurements was determined by the spatial variability of the N₂O emission at the site and the variability inherent in the individual techniques. These results confirm that measurements of N₂O emissions from different ecosystems obtained by the different methods can be meaningfully compared.     

A new approach for biological online testing of stack gas condensate from municipal waste incinerators

A biological testing system for the monitoring of stack gas condensates of municipal waste incinerators has been developed using Euglena gracilis as a test organism. The motility, velocity and cellular form of the organisms were the endpoints, calculated by an image analysis system. All endpoints showed statistically significant changes in a short time when organisms were exposed to samples collected during combustion situations with increased pollutant concentrations. The velocity of the organisms proved to be the most appropriate endpoint. A semi-continuous system with E. gracilis for monitoring stack gas condensate is proposed, which could result in an online system for testing stack gas condensates in the future.     

双喷嘴矩形喷动床流体力学及脱硫性能的实验研究

针对半干法烟气脱硫方法,提出了一种新型的双喷嘴矩形喷动床半干法脱硫技术.在相同的静床层高度下,研究了最小喷动速度、最大喷动压降和喷动高度;在相同的Ca/S比、进气SO2浓度、进口温度、绝热饱和温差条件下,以消石灰为脱硫剂,研究了脱硫性能,并与传统柱锥形喷动床进行了比较.结果表明,矩形喷动床拥有更好的流动性能和脱硫率,得出了实验条件下矩形喷动床的最佳操作范围.     

陇东黄土旱塬区几种作物田间耗水量及土壤水分亏缺分异特征

基于陇东黄土干旱塬区轮作及复种模式田间试验土壤水分观测资料，对轮作种植下几种作物的农田耗水量、土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺分异规律及数量特征进行了比较分析．主要结论是：在完全雨养农业生产条件下，降水年型、作物播期和生育期及作物耗水特性不同是引起作物田间耗水量、土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺分异的主要原因；秋播冬小麦田间耗水对播前土壤贮水表现了较大的依赖性，而播前土壤贮水对春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子生长耗水的补偿效应相对较小；秋播与春播作物在农田土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺状况方面的差异也很明显，这表现在无论干旱年还是丰雨年．秋播冬小麦对土壤贮水的利用程度显著高于春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子，而其生育期土壤水分亏缺状况则比春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子严重得多，尽管春播各作物间也存在着一定的差异．     

Effective method of predicting confined pressure behavior under isotropic turbulence

Explosion pressure prediction is indispensable to ensure process safety against accidental gas explosions. This work is aimed at establishing a theoretical method for predicting confined methane-air explosion pressure under isotropic turbulence. The results indicated that the pressure rise rate becomes significantly increased by the existence of isotropic turbulence, which effect on peak value of explosion pressure is negligible. Among various models of turbulent burning velocity, the calculated pressure rise rate using Chiu model, Williams model and Liu model is relatively closer to experimental value. With the increase of turbulent integral length and RMS turbulent fluctuation velocity, the pressure rise rate becomes increased continuously. The influence of adiabatic compression and isothermal compression on pressure rise rate could be ignored. To predict explosion pressure in a more accurate way, the dynamic variation of turbulent integral length and RMS turbulent fluctuation velocity should be considered in the future.     

不同封闭情况下T型管道中瓦斯爆炸传播规律实验研究*

为研究不同封闭情况下T型管道中瓦斯爆炸的传播规律,在90°分岔管道中进行瓦斯爆炸实验,管道封闭情况为弱封闭（双PVC薄膜弱封闭）和强封闭（直管封闭或支管封闭）。实验结果表明:在瓦斯浓度为9.5%时,管道中各点处的瓦斯爆炸压力、火焰传播速度和火焰锋面振荡幅度最大,11%次之,8%最小。T型管道中,弱封闭端瓦斯爆炸压力不断减小;火焰传播速度先缓慢增大后减小,随后又快速增大。强封闭端,瓦斯爆炸压力增大;火焰传播速度先缓慢增大后略微下降,随后快速增大后又大幅度下降,甚至出现火焰锋面振荡现象。不同封闭管道中各测点的瓦斯最大爆炸压力和火焰传播速度大小比较可知,直管封闭管道＞双PVC薄膜弱封闭管道＞支管封闭管道。     

紫色土稻田磷素淋失特征及其对地下水的影响

采用原状土壤渗漏计在水稻生育期定期采集不同土壤剖面深度的渗漏水,研究了在不同施磷水平下水稻生育期磷素淋失动态和渗漏淋失量及其对地下水的潜在影响,并分析了土壤Olsen-P含量与磷素渗漏量之间的关系,旨在为紫色土区稻田磷肥的合理施用和控制磷对地下水污染提供科学依据.结果表明,在水稻生长期紫色土的磷素渗漏整体呈下降趋势.前期磷素渗漏淋失量高且变幅较大,在施磷后第5d各土层渗漏水中磷素浓度最高;施肥60 d后稻田磷素渗漏淋失负荷显著降低.不同土层和各处理趋于一致.稻田磷素的渗漏淋失受磷肥用量和土壤性质的影响,随着磷肥用量的增加稻田磷的渗漏淋失量增加,3种类型紫色土磷素渗漏淋失量为中性紫色土>钙质紫色土>酸性紫色土.施磷(P2O5)90～180kg·hm-2处理,40cm土层渗漏水中磷的平均浓度在中性、钙质、酸性紫色土上分别为0.13～0.142 mg·L-1、0.097～0.131mg·L-1和0.083～0.109mg·L-1,比不施磷处理高33.1%～38.7%、24.7%～44.3%和34.9%～50.4%,在60cm和100cm深处也有相似的特征.3种类型紫色土的土壤Olsen-P含量与磷素渗漏淋失量之间符合指数关系.渗漏水中磷素浓度随土壤剖面深度的增加而降低.淹水种稻初期是磷向下迁移最强和淋失量最高的时期,3种紫色土在施肥后的60d内对地下水质量产生潜在不良影响.整个水稻生育期磷渗漏量较低,最高磷渗漏量为0.262kg·hm-2.