鞍钢一起雾闪停电事故及预防措施

2001年2月22日，东北地区因特大雾害引起多起停电事故。鞍钢集团公司受此次雾害影响，供电系统也发生连锁停电，生产受到严重影响。介绍了该起事故经过及处理情况，提出了预防该类事故的措施。     

煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故的防治对策

我国煤矿日趋严重的瓦斯爆炸事故灾害严重地威胁着矿井工作人员的生命安全，制约矿井生产的发展，给煤炭企业带来沉重的负担，从安全科学的角度及其事故原因分类出发，提出了防治我国煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故的对策。     

室内火灾中外部燃烧现象的数值模拟

外部燃烧是室内火灾中火焰随烟气流出窗户并在窗户外燃烧的现象。外部燃烧会造成火势从初始着火的房间向其他房间或楼层蔓延,具有很大的危害性。本文应用美国国家标准技术局（NIST）开发的FDS程序,对外部燃烧现象进行了研究。首先对Bullen和Thomas的实验进行数值模拟,用以验证FDS对外部燃烧现象的模拟效果。在相近的燃料过量因子的条件下,计算得到的外部燃烧羽流的温度分布结果、外部燃烧火焰的高度和火焰距离窗户所在壁面的水平距离与Bullen和Thomas的实验结果符合得较好。之后,研究了不同窗户大小和不同燃料消耗率对外部燃烧的影响。最后,发现当燃料消耗率足够大致使室内燃料过量因子接近1时,室内火焰将会熄灭,燃料流出窗户形成的外部燃烧火焰会被拉长,火焰肾贴窗户外的壁面向上燃烧。     

石油液化气储配站火灾爆炸危险分析与事故后果评价

对石油液化气储配站火灾爆炸危险因素从危险物质、设计与施工、安全管理等方面进行分析,并进行了重大危险源辨识,对石油液化气泄漏引发蒸气云爆炸事故进行后果评价,并提出了相应的安全对策.     

引信炸药装配生产爆炸波事故后果模拟分析

对引信炸药装配药过程的危险性作了简要分析,对其危险程度进行了爆炸波事故后果模拟分析.     

切尔诺贝利核电站事故后果模式估算国际比对

介绍我国参加国际原子能机构（IAEA）组织的“切尔诺贝利核电站事故后果模式估算国际比对”中采用的模式及其估算结果与实测值以及与其地各国估算结果的比较。提出土壤表面沉积量与农作物可食部分核素浓度估算模式（属半动态模式,其余模式采用国内通用的静态模式）。比较结果表明,对事故后当年的浓度预测结果与实测值符合较好,对事故后第２年及更长时间的预测结果明显偏高,有待改进。     

Factors associated with prehospital death among traffic accident patients in Osaka City,Japan: A population-based study

Objective: Although it is important to assess the factors associated with traffic accident fatalities to decrease them as a matter of public health, such factors have not been fully identified.

Methods: Using a large-scale data set of ambulance records in Osaka City, Japan, we retrospectively analyzed all traffic accident patients transported to hospitals by emergency medical service personnel from 2013 to 2014. In this study, prehospital death was defined as that occurring at the scene or in the emergency department immediately after hospital arrival. We assessed prehospital factors associated with prehospital death due to traffic accidents by logistic regression models.

Results: This study enrolled 28,903 emergency patients involved in traffic accidents, of whom 68 died prehospital. In a multivariate model, elderly patients aged ≥75 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.29–8.23), nighttime (AOR = 2.75; 95% CI, 1.65–4.70), and type of injured person compared to bicyclists such as pedestrians (AOR = 9.58; 95% CI, 5.07–17.99), motorcyclists (AOR = 2.75; 95% CI, 1.21–6.24), and car occupants (AOR = 2.98; 95% CI, 1.39–6.40) were significantly associated with prehospital death due to traffic accidents. In addition, the AOR for automobile versus nonautomobile as the collision opponent was 4.76 (95% CI, 2.30–9.88).

Conclusions: In this population, the factors associated with prehospital death due to traffic accidents were elderly people, nighttime, and pedestrian as the type of patient. The proportion of prehospital deaths due to traffic accidents was also high when the collision component was an automobile.     

公路隧道施工安全风险评估方法优化研究

我国在建公路隧道工程数量增长迅速,施工安全事故时有发生,因此通过风险评估实现施工过程的风险控制就显得非常重要。在此背景下,交通运输部出台了《公路桥梁和隧道工程施工安全风险评估指南（试行）》,而在实际应用过程中,该评估指南无法完全适应多变的工程实际。针对该问题,在对隧道施工安全风险评估的各类评估方法及其适用性进行详细研究的基础上,将该评估指南与国内外其他相关成果和做法进行分析比对,指出该评估指南存在的不足之处,进一步提出相关优化与修订建议;最后,以湖南某高速公路隧道洞口坍塌事故为例,利用提出的施工前专项风险评估方法,综合运用数值模拟计算与事故后果当量估计,计算相应的风险等级,所得到的结果与实际情况更为接近,进一步说明本文所提优化方法的合理性和可操作性。     

Abdominopelvic injuries due to road traffic accidents: Characteristics in a registry of 162,695 victims

Objective: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are the first cause of abdominopelvic injuries (APIs). The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics and severity of APIs due to traffic accidents in a large French trauma registry and to identify risk factors for API.

Methods: All victims from the French Rhône registry of victims of RTAs were analyzed from 1996 to 2013. This registry contained data that were issued over a 20-year period from 245 medical departments, from prehospital care until re-adaptation, and forensic medicine departments. All APIs, defined as an injury between the diaphragm and the pelvic bone, were extracted and studied.

Results: Among 162,695 victims, 10,165 had an API (6.7%). Accidents frequently involved young men and 2 cars. Mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 8.7. Mortality rate was 5.6%. Soft tissue injuries largely predominated (n = 6,388; 54.4% of patients). Overall, 2,322 victims had a pelvic bone injury. Internal abdominal organs were involved in 2,425 patients; the most frequent were the spleen, liver, and kidney. Wearing of the seat belt appeared to be a significant protective factor in API, including serious injuries. A partial analysis over the past 2 years among the most severe patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit indicated that nonoperative management was carried out in two thirds of the wounded. In uni- or multivariate analysis, sex, age, type of user, antagonist, time of occurrence, associated severe lesions, or wearing of the seat belt were statistically associated with the occurrence of API, highlighting a more dangerous user profile.

Conclusions: Abdominopelvic injuries concern a minority of road traffic injuries, but they are responsible for significant mortality. Large solid organs are the most frequently affected. Women drivers wearing a seat belt and driving in town during the day appear to be more protected against API.     

天然气净化厂放空废气对环境的影响及控制措施

天然气净化厂除正常生产有工艺废气排放外,传统装置检修开停产过程、供电或设备异常情况下,会有大量酸气、原料气通过放空火炬燃烧后排放。文章主要分析了天然气净化装置放空废气排放情况及其对周边环境的影响,阐述了异常放空、检修开停产过程原料气和酸气放空的控制措施及其环境效益。