山水林田湖草生态保护修复的系统思想——践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”

我国地域广阔,但由于人口基数庞大,可利用国土资源空间分布不均。在我国经济实力和人民生活水平得到显著提升的当今,如何在有限的国土资源下,实现经济的可持续发展,促进社会经济与环境保护的协同发展,成为迫切需要解决的发展难题。习近平总书记提出的“山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体”的重要理念和系统治理思路为解决这一发展难题指明了方向。解析了山水林田湖草生态保护修复的战略背景;阐释了山水林田湖草生态保护修复的指导思想、基本原则和系统设计思路;提出了山水林田湖草生态保护修复工作的重点任务,包括编制修复方案,科学确定空间布局,优化调整产业结构与人口布局,因地制宜地开展生态修复,多部门联动推进生态保护修复等,并明确了其技术要求。     

开发沸石矿用于农业的经济评价

我国沸石矿资源丰富。开发利用沸石矿于农业,可增产粮食400亿公斤,加上节约化肥和用作饲料添加剂等方面,年经济效益为496.25亿元。因此,开发利用沸石矿于农业具有重大的经济意义,从促进我国粮食生产上新台阶的角度考虑,则具有重大的战略意义。     

长江口岛屿湿地的底栖动物资源研究

调查了长江口3个岛屿湿地的底栖动物资源及其生态特征和环境功能。经鉴定底栖无脊椎动物有41种,优势种为河蚬(Corbiculafluminea)、焦河蓝蛤(Potamocorbulaustulata)、缢蛏(Sinonovaculaconstricta)、麂眼螺(Rissoinasp.)、光滑狭口螺(Stenothyraglabra)、谭氏泥蟹(Ilyrplaxdeschampsi)、无齿相手蟹(Sesarmadenaani)和天津厚蟹(Helicetridenstientsinensis)。讨论了底栖动物资源的主要生态学特征及其环境功能,提出了对底栖动物资源合理利用与保护的建议。     

湖泊资源特征及与其功能的关系分析

在地质、地貌、气象、水文、化学和生物等各种内外营力长期相互作用下形成的湖泊资源,是自然资源的一种类型,在国民经济可持续发展中发挥着重要的经济、环境和社会效益。同时,湖泊自身系统结构是通过赋存其中的各种资源而显现的,并存在着内在的有机联系,也就由此而衍生出湖泊具有多种功能。因此,湖泊的资源是其功能的载体,资源具有直观性,而功能则具有抽象性,往往容易被忽略,这也是人们认识湖泊是经历资源型到功能型逐步发展过程的原因所在。人类是自然之骄子,具有择水而居的习性,对自然的认识是从对自然资源的依赖性和对自然现象充满神秘感开始的。湖泊是国土资源的重要组成部分,并具有强大的生态服务功能和鲜明的特点,在塑就人类文明史方面发挥了重要作用。文章对我国湖泊资源的特征和湖泊资源利用过程中存在的问题,以及湖泊由不同资源类型组成的生态结构所维系的功能进行了初步探讨。     

规划环评中景观非生态功能影响评价实例

以景观概念作为融合自然与社会、科学与美学、理性与感性的结合点,研究了景观非生态功能的内涵及其评价技术理论框架,从景观功能中提炼出景观非生态功能概念,初步完成景观非生态功能评价指标体系的构建.评价技术体系设计突出环境影响评价中现状评价的客观性以及影响预测的科学性.以人感尺度下的评价对象——景观单元概念为创新点,该评价体系补充并完善了现有景观评价体系的技术链条,在保证评价精度的前提下,简化并规范了评价工作流程.该评价体系沿用现有环境影响评价所广泛采用的现状评价、影响源分析、影响预测评价及措施建议的技术思路,基本能满足现行技术规范的要求.以武汉市后官湖生态宜居新城规划环评为例,验证了该体系的可操作性,为我国规划环评在景观评价技术领域的发展提供理论和实践参考.      

Emergency shutdown of fluidized bed reaction systems

With several industrial applications of fluidized bed technology recently commercialized worldwide, it becomes essential to develop safe operation methods for fluidized bed reaction systems (FBRSs) to prevent any influence on their process values, which lead to accidents. To preventing any disaster or malfunction in an FBRS, an emergency shutdown system (ESD) is initiated, closing the reaction system in case of any abnormality by effectively isolating the flammable gas. However, an ESD is also prone to the “inactivation problem,” in which in the case of failure it initiates the emergency shutdown, even when the operating conditions of the reaction system are abnormal. It is also vulnerable to a “malfunction problem,” where the emergency shutdown is performed even when the operating conditions of the reaction system are normal. In this study, these problems were solved by investigating a reaction system through the monitoring of appropriate parameters and setting up of trigger levels, which reflect the uniqueness of an FBRS using an ESD. The parameters were identified by analyzing the scenario leading to an accident. The trigger levels were determined as the points at which the loss is smaller in the presence of an ESD, as compared to the value of the loss function in the presence or absence of an ESD. Furthermore, the ESD design model was applied as a case study in the ammoxidation process of propylene. The results showed that an ESD can prevent an approximately 8 billion yen of loss due to accidents in plant operations, against an investment of 200 million yen.     

Decision making under uncertainty in case of soil remediation

Decisions on soil remediation are one of the most difficult management issues of municipal and state agencies. The assessment of contamination is uncertain, the costs of remediation are high, and the impacts on the environment are multiple. This paper presents a general, transparent, and consistent method for decision making among the remediation alternatives. Soil washing, phytoremediation, and no remediation are exemplarily considered. Multi-criteria utility functions including (a) the cost of remediation (b) the impact on human health and agricultural productivity, and (c) the economic gain after remediation are constructed using probability density functions representing contamination for all site coordinates. Herewith, the probability of different types of (i) correct decisions such as a hit or a true rejection and (ii) erroneous decisions such as a false alarm or miss are examined. The decision theoretic model is applied to a case study on heavy metal contaminated soil. This case study reveals the non-linear structure of multi-criteria-decision making. The case study shows that the geostatistical uncertainties of the log-normal distributed soil contamination must be taken into account: When uncertainties are not considered and the utilities are assessed according to the estimated value for a spatial unit, only few (N=26) spatial units result where the utility score of the alternative soil washing are higher than the utility score to the no remediation alternative. However, when taking into account geostatistical uncertainties of the log-normal soil distribution this number is about ten times greater (N=237). Furthermore, the use of 'maximizing expected utility' as decision rule is critical in that it may lead to a high probability of misses.     

长期不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

江西红壤生态试验站长期定位试验中不同施肥处理红壤水稻土酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的研究结果表明,不同施肥条件下土壤酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性差异较大,土壤脲酶和脱氢酶活性可以作为土壤肥力的指标。经过20 a施肥管理及水稻种植,土壤酶活性及生物量有很大提高;但是B IOLOGTM生态测试板测定结果显示,施肥使微生物生物群落物种丰富度有所减少,施P土壤酶活性、微生物群落功能多样性均大于未施P土壤,采用秸秆还田处理的群落物种均一性高于未采用秸秆还田处理。     

规划环境影响评价中公众参与探讨研究

公众参与作为规划环境影响评价的重要组成部分,具有重要的作用和意义。公众参与可以提高规划环境影响评价的有效性、提高规划的合理性及环保性。结合规划环评的应用实例,归纳了规划环评公众参与的参与对象、参与形式等,指出目前规划环评公众参与在应用中存在公众参与对象局限、规定和程序不明确、公民环保意识差等问题,建议采用多种形式开展公众参与环评,同时建议相关部门制定法律条文等进一步明确公众参与环评的规定和程序,提高信息公开度和民众的环保意识。     

呼伦湖自净功能及其在区域环境保护中的作用分析

在大量详实资料和调查基础上,论述了呼伦湖富营养化状况,找出了该湖富营养化的影响因素,以及其较强自净功能的成因。呼伦湖地处内陆区高纬度、半干旱气候地区,属牧业污染型,氮入湖量主要来源于点源污染(河流的输入),磷入湖量面源(主要是降尘)大于点源。经多年观测发现,氮和磷的变化并不明显,反映出湖体有较强的自净功能,这是和湖体特殊的地理位置分不开的:①该湖系构造湖与河流沟通的吞吐湖,面积大,水较深,使得湖体自净功能显著;②地处高纬度、半干旱地区,气温低,对湖体浮游生物有一定的抑制作用;③湖体构造特殊,露出30余个泉点,有大量地下水的补给。呼伦湖是一个较大的水体与其周围湿地构成的淡水湖泊生态系统,在维持生物多样性和丰富的生物资源方面发挥巨大作用,且有明显的调蓄洪水的功能,在区域环境保护中具有特殊的地位。