The effect of texture and irrigation on the soil moisture vertical-temporal variability in an urban artificial landscape: a case study of Olympic Forest Park in Beijing

Soil moisture variability in natural landscapes has been widely studied; however, less attention has been paid to its variability in the urban landscapes with respect to the possible influence of texture stratification and irrigation management. Therefore, a case study was carried out in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park to continuously monitor the soil in three typical profiles from 26 April to 11 November 2010. The texture stratification significantly affected the vertical distribution of moisture in the non-irrigated profile where moisture was mostly below field capacity. In the profile where irrigation was sufficient to maintain moisture above field capacity, gravity flow led to increased moisture with depth and thus eliminated the influence of texture. In the non-irrigated sites, the upper layer (above 80 cm) exhibited long-term moisture persistence with the time scale approximating the average rainfall interval. However, a coarse-textured layer weakened the influence of rainfall, and a fine-textured layer weakened the influence of evapotranspiration, both of which resulted in random noise-like moisture series in the deeper layers. At the irrigated site, frequent irrigation neutralized the influence of evapotranspiration in the upper layer (above 60 cm) and overshadowed the influence of rainfall in the deeper layer. As a result, the moisture level in the upper layer also behaved as a random noise-like series; whereas due to deep transpiration, the moisture of the deep layer had a persistence time-scale longer than a month, consistent with characteristic time-scales found for deep transpiration.     

武汉东湖沉积物中金属元素垂直分布研究

采集东湖柱状沉积物,分析了铅、镉、铜、锌、铁等金属元素的垂直分布特征。结果表明沉积物中铅含量近年来有所下降,镉和锌含量明显高于背景值。     

高层建筑火灾中烟气组合控制设置参数的研究

利用FDS模拟研究走廊中排烟口数量、位置以及挡烟垂壁与缓冲区的结合对高层建筑烟气控制效果的影响,寻找最佳组合烟气控制模式。结果表明,在走廊中部设置1个以排除火灾产生烟气为主的排烟口,在空气幕前方2m处设置1个以排除新鲜空气为主的排气口,并且在排气口后方0.5m处设置1个挡烟垂壁的组合烟气控制模式具有最佳的烟气控制效果。挡烟垂壁离机械排烟口0.5m时,可以有效降低缓冲区及前室的温度和烟气浓度,前室内CO2体积分数下降21.4%,温度下降9℃。当挡烟垂壁离空气幕较近时,走廊内的温度和烟气浓度反而上升。     

外墙保温材料数值模拟研究

根据外墙保温材料具体的工程参数为依据,对挤塑型聚苯乙烯(XPS)、膨胀型聚苯乙烯(EPS)和聚氨酯(PU)三种材料的燃烧参数进行设定,设定火源为从窗口喷射而出的火焰,运用FDS软件进行数值模拟与分析。经过模拟发现:外墙保温材料在竖向燃烧中,火焰前锋高度呈现抛物线式增长,y=at2+bt+c,前期增长迅速,后期逐渐平稳。火焰前锋速度按照线性变化,vp=αt+β。在整个燃烧过程中,火焰前锋速度平稳的降低。XPS板导热系数最好,各测点的温度上升最慢,EPS板蓄热系数最好,所以其温度曲线最为平稳。     

闽赣地区跨断层垂直形变与地震关系初探

利用闽赣地区跨断层流动垂直形变测量资料 ,对该地区断层现今活动的动态过程及空间分布进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,闽赣地区断层现今活动具有时空不均一性 :时间上具有准同步转折及阶段性特点 ,各阶段的活动速率和方式不同 ;空间上具有区域差异性 ,坑北—前梧断层活动速率最高 ,白竹湖断层活动速率最低。讨论了断层活动与地震的关系 ,认为 1984年以来 4次准同步转折均与地震有关。     

大气可降水量卫星遥感反演不确定性对太阳总辐射模拟的影响

辐射传输方程模拟法作为一种较为准确有效的太阳总辐射间接获得方法,其模拟精度受到代入方程的大气参数精度的影响。论文通过将香港2005—2013年卫星遥感反演的大气可降水量产品与地面站数据对比,以68.3%的置信水平分析了卫星遥感反演的大气可降水量的不确定性;并通过收集2005—2013年香港其他影响大气上界太阳辐射到达地表的大气参数,如气溶胶光学厚度、气溶胶单次散射反照率、臭氧含量综合模拟大气环境,确定了大气可降水量的不确定性在夏季和冬季对太阳总辐射模拟（250~2 800 nm）造成的相对误差。研究结果表明,受大气可降水量不确定性影响,使用辐射传输方程法模拟获得的太阳总辐射有1%~3%的相对误差。使用该方法冬季受大气可降水量不确定性影响程度比夏季大。决定相对误差大小的主要因素是波长,大气水汽吸收作用强的波长上,相对误差也大;其次因素是太阳天顶角,太阳天顶角越大,该方法模拟所得太阳总辐射相对误差越大。研究为大气可降水量参数不确定性影响下太阳总辐射模拟的误差评估提供了依据。     

Combined reticular blind drainage and vertical hierarchical drainage system for landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level

A novel water control technology that combines the features of a reticular blind drainage system and a vertical hierarchical drainage system is developed and applied in the Yanziyan Sanitary Landfill, which is located at an area (Loudi City, Hunan Province, China) with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The reticular blind drain system, which was installed on the bottom and side walls of the landfill site, can conveniently guide the flow of groundwater out of the site while preventing a disorganized flow of groundwater. The vertical hierarchical drainage system was installed to separate rainfall water and leachate in the landfill site, thus efficiently reducing the pressure of leachate treatment. The whole drainage system plays a key role in foundation stabilization by seepage control and separation and in the instant drainage of rainfall water. The leachate reduction efficiency of the drainage technology was calculated in terms of leachate production before (336519 m³) and after (29664 m³) technology application. Over 90% of leachate derived from rainfall water and groundwater inflow was avoided upon installation of the vertical hierarchical drainage and reticular blind drainage systems. The technology can thus be popularized and applied for water control in landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The proposed technology can be used to alleviate the pressure of leachate treatment and to reduce the risk of instability.     

复合垂直流人工湿地污水处理系统硝化与反硝化作用

研究了复合垂直流人工湿地各基质层的硝化与反硝化菌数量以及硝化与反硝化作用强度.结果表明,基质中硝化菌数量为7.5×10³～1.1×10⁵MPN·g^-1,反硝化菌数量为7.5×10⁶～1.1×10⁷ MPN·g^-1.硝化作用强度为0.01～6.35μg·(g·d)^-1,反硝化作用强度为3.37～4.19μg·(g·d)^-1.沿水流方向硝化菌数量和硝化作用强度明显降低,其变化趋势呈显著正相关(r=0.9661,p＜0.001).反硝化菌数量和反硝化作用强度比较稳定,沿水流方向略有上升,其变化趋势呈显著正相关(r=0.7722,p＜0.025).沿水流方向,硝化作用与反硝化作用强度变化呈显著负相关(r=-0.9776,p＜0.001),这与人工湿地的溶氧状况和污水中氨氮含量较高相一致.     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13电荷特性及其混凝效果

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al₁₃形态,并采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和ZATESIZER 3000HSA测定仪对分离所得纳米Al₁₃形态以及AlCl₃和PAC进行了分析表征和电荷特性的对比性研究;采用烧杯实验法对3个样品处理实际和模拟水样的混凝效果进行了对比性研究.Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法的结果表明,采用层析法分离可得到含量99%左右的纳米Al₁₃形态;电荷特性和混凝效果研究结果表明纳米Al₁₃形态较其它两者具有更好的除浊、除腐殖酸和脱色效果并且具有更强的电中和能力,因此Al₁₃形态是一种具有较高正电荷和较高的水解稳定性,在给水和废水处理中的一种较为有效的Al形态.     

加氢裂化装置硫的腐蚀与防护

对加氢裂化装置加工高硫原油后的腐蚀情况进行了分析,重点分析了装置加工高合硫原料油后出现的分馏塔顶系统的设备、管线H2S腐蚀问题.进行了205B-1型缓蚀剂的应用试验,取得了良好的缓蚀效果.