络合-超滤耦合工艺去除水中镍离子的研究

以聚丙烯酸钠(PAANa)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)作为络合剂,将其与镍离子络合后的溶液转移至超滤杯中,在0.1 MPa压力下通过聚醚砜超滤膜进行分离,研究pH值和络合剂/Ni2+装载质量比(L)对Ni2+去除率的影响,并根据朗缪尔等温模型拟合络合反应平衡常数.同时研究超滤时间对膜通量和Ni2+去除率的影响.结果表明,选用PAANa为络合剂,在pH值为8、L=5时,Ni2+的去除率达到最大值99.5%.PEI为络合剂时,Ni2+去除率在pH值为7、L为5时达到最大值93.0%.不同pH值条件下拟合得到的络合平衡常数表明,pH为7时最有利于络合反应.另外,单个络合剂单体所能结合的Ni2+个数随着pH值的升高而增大.研究结果还表明,在长达12 h的超滤时间内,PAANa为络合剂时,膜通量的衰减<10%;PEI为络合剂时,膜通量基本保持不变;Ni2+的去除率都基本保持恒定.因此,在合适条件下,络合-超滤耦合工艺能有效去除水中的镍离子.     

西安市再生水利用存在问题及预测分析研究

污水作为一种稳定可靠、再生利用的水资源,经深度处理后可用作工业冷却水、城市杂用水、河流景观补充水及农业灌溉等方面。合理开发和利用再生水是解决水资源缺乏的有效途径。本文通过深入调查、分析西安市再生水利用现状,找出再生水利用率低的原因,提出针对性措施,并对防治对策进行定量分析,预测2015年西安市“污水再生利用率”为30．6％,可达到20％的国家考核要求。     

分层型水库藻类垂向演替的水质与细菌种群调控

浮游藻类和细菌是水生食物网的重要组成部分,在水源水库生态系统物质循环和能量流动方面发挥关键作用,藻类的空间演替与水体细菌种群代谢和结构演变关系密切.因此,本文以李家河水库为研究对象,在分析水库水质指标基础上,采用高通量DNA测序技术和Biolog技术,研究水库藻类暴发期,浮游藻类和细菌群落结构垂向演替特征及其与水质的偶联关系.结果表明,李家河水库在8月处于热分层期,水体pH、DO和NH~+_4-N随深度变化均逐渐降低(P0.001).藻密度和Chla呈现同步变化趋势(P0.001),表层最大分别为3 364.33×10~4 cells·L~(-1)和7.03μg·L~(-1).藻类群落结构在水深0 m和3 m处以微囊藻为主,而在水深6 m处,小环藻取代微囊藻成为最优藻属,相对丰度达57.28%.Biolog结果表明,微囊藻的暴发对细菌代谢活性及其相对丰度产生较大影响,但细菌种群代谢活性多样性变化不显著.高通量测序共发现1 420个OTUs,隶属于10个细菌门类,其中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在不同水层均为最优门类,其相对丰度之和达50%以上;绿菌门(Chlorobi)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)的相对丰度随着水深增加发生显著变化,均在6 m深度达到最大值,分别为10.29%和6.78%,且与水层藻密度呈显著负相关(P0.05);厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)与藻密度呈显著正相关(P0.05).热图(Heat map)指纹图谱表明,李家河水库的细菌群落结构垂向分布差异显著,且随着水深的增加,细菌群落分布更均匀并趋于多样性.冗余分析(RDA)表明,细菌和藻类的群落结构的垂向分布受不同水质指标调控且差异显著.对水源水库藻类暴发期藻类与细菌群落的偶联机制进行探究,为水源藻华消涨的分子微生态驱动机制研究提供科学依据.     

南黄海东部海域浮游生态系统要素季节变化的模拟研究

利用海洋生态系统动力学垂直一维物理-生物耦合模式模拟研究了南黄海东部海域浮游生态系统要素垂直分布的季节变化.物理亚模型为一维POM模式(Princeton Ocean Model),基于文献结果对垂直混合系数Kh和Km进行了调整;生态亚模型为ERSEM模式(European Regional Sea Ecosystem Model),主要考虑浮游植物、浮游动物、细菌、底栖碎屑和营养盐(氮、磷、硅)等状态变量.模拟结果表明,浮游植物出现一年双峰的态势和夏季次表层叶绿素最大值的现象,春、秋季水华期间,表层叶绿素峰值分别为3.25 mg/m3和0.71 mg/m3.浮游动物和细菌在春季水华后表层出现峰值,分别为143.6 mg C/m3和23.55 mg C/m3.硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐的垂直分布均在5-11月呈现表层浓度低、底层浓度高的分布.通过计算碳通量可以看出,在春、夏季,浮游植物对无机碳的摄取量分别为58.944 g C·m-2·quarter-1和68.276 g C·m-2·quarter-1,高于细菌对非生命有机碳的摄取.在冬季,细菌对非生命有机碳的摄取超过浮游植物对无机碳的摄取量.浮游动物在冬季主要摄食细菌,占71%;春、夏季主要摄食浮游植物,可达67.5%.浮游植物对碳的释放主要是以DOC的形式,约占90%.     

降膜法脱氨氮的技术可行性及影响因素浅析

对煤气化废水的特性和处理现状进行了阐述和分析,总结了降膜技术在煤气化高氨氮废水中的脱氮效果和液泛气速、膜厚、pH值、温度的关系。研究表明,降膜技术可将氨氮去除率提高到95%以上,同时降低调整pH值的药剂成本,并有效缓解结垢现象,在类似工业废水处理项目中具有较好的推广应用价值。     

奥克托今在丙酮中的热安全性研究

奥克托今(HMX)作为爆速高和耐热性好的炸药被广泛应用,其制备提纯工艺均在丙酮中进行。为研究HMX在丙酮中的热安全性,用差示扫描量热-热重(DSC-TG)同步热分析仪研究HMX的热分解过程。测得升温速率为5,10,15,20℃/min的DSC和热重-微商热重法(TG-DTG)曲线,并得出分解峰温分别为279.8,282.5,284.5和288.8℃。用自行设计的临界爆温测试装置,通过小容量法测定HMX、丙酮以及HMX的丙酮溶液的临界爆炸温度。结果表明,在试验条件下,HMX的丙酮溶液的临界爆炸温度高于纯HMX的临界爆炸温度,说明丙酮抑制了HMX的热分解反应,当HMX溶液质量分数为10%时,临界爆炸温度最高,热安全性最好。     

4种硝酸酯热安定性的绝热试验研究

利用绝热加速量热仪(ARC)对硝酸正丙酯(NPN)、硝酸异丙酯(IPN)、太根(TEGDN)、敌根(DEGDN)4种硝酸酯的热稳定性进行了绝热试验研究,得到绝热放热曲线和热分解特征参数。分析了4种物质分解过程的特点,对测试结果进行了修正。计算得到动力学参数和自加速分解温度SADT,以此作为评估热安定性的判据。结果表明,4种硝酸酯在外界热作用下容易发生分解,反应速度较快,伴随明显的热效应和压力效应。4种硝酸酯的热安定性由好到差排序为:IPN、NPN、TEGDN、DEGDN。     

The relationship between oxygen consumption rate and temperature during coal spontaneous combustion

Spontaneous combustion is a major natural disaster in coal production. In the process of exploring coal self-ignition, a series of hypotheses have been put forward, most scholars agree that the current coal-oxygen compound theory. Oxygen consumption rate reflects the status of coal spontaneous combustion, and it is also one of the parameters necessary for numerical simulation of coal spontaneous combustion. In this paper, a coal heating and oxidation experiment was designed, Experimental device consists of heating and oxidation furnace, gas chromatograph, temperature control and data acquisition systems and other equipment components. Three coal samples whose weight each is 5 g were selected for the study. By experiment, oxygen concentration at the inlet and outlet of temperature oxidation furnace was measured. Oxygen consumption rate is calculated in the heating process of coal according to air flow. In the Cartesian coordinate system, the temperature as abscissa and the oxygen consumption rate for the longitudinal coordinates, drawing the relationship between oxygen consumption rate and temperature plot. And then regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between oxygen consumption rate and coal temperature during the heating and oxidation process of coal. The results show that the oxygen consumption rate and temperature of coal were linear relationships both before and after the critical temperature when the coal temperature is less than 180 °C. Before the critical temperature oxygen consumption rate is low, however it increases rapidly when coal temperature reaches a critical temperature. The result is important for the prevention and treatment of spontaneous combustion of coal.     

相对速率法测氯原子与一系列低碳醇的反应速率常数

在 2 92± 1K温度和 1 0 1× 10 5Pa压力下 ,以丙烷为参照物 ,采用相对速率方法测定了一系列醇与氯原子在气相中的反应速率常数 ,这些醇与氯的反应速率常数分别为 (单位 :10 7m3·mol-1·s-1) :甲醇k1=3 2 9,乙醇k2 =6 14,正丙醇k3=8 97,异丙醇k4 =4 0 0 ,正丁醇k5=11 7,异丁醇k6=12 5 ,叔丁醇k7=2 0 5 ,正戊醇k8=15 8,异戊醇k9=12 3     

Oxidation inhibition of sulfite in dual alkali FGD system

A laboratory-scale well-mixed thermostatic reactor with continuously blasting air was used to investigate the oxidation inhibition of sulfite in dual alkali flue gas desulfurization （FGD） system. The effects of operating parameters such as pH value and catalyst concentration on the oxidation were studied. Sodium thiosulfate was used in the system, and was found that it significantly inhabited the sulfite oxidation. In the absence of catalyst, sodium thiosulfate at 12.67 mmol/L had an inhibition efficiency of approximately 98%. While in the presence of catalyst, sodium thiosulfate at 26.72 mmol/L had an inhibition efficiency less than 85.0%. The oxidation reaction order of sulfite in the sodium thiosulfate was determined to be -1.90 and 4）.55 in the absence and presence of the catalyst, respectively. Apparent activation energy of oxidation inhibition was calculated to be 53.9 kJ/mol. Pilot tests showed that the consumption rate of thiosulfate agreed well with the laboratory-scale experimental results.