高架道路周边建筑物灰尘重金属污染风险:以常州市为例

在常州环城高架道路两侧6个住宅小区不同楼层采集126个灰尘样品,测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr含量,分析其化学形态和垂直分布特征,采用富集系数和风险评价指数评价其污染程度和生物有效性,并进行潜在生态风险评价和健康风险评价.结果表明,灰尘中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr含量均值分别为181.95、709.99、211.24、2.76、101.59和257.55mg·kg-1,均远大于背景值.灰尘中Cd的富集系数为33.05,富集程度为强烈,Cu、Pb和Zn的富集程度为显著富集,它们可能受到自然源、交通源和区域废气传输的综合影响,Ni和Cr富集系数较低,可能主要受自然源影响.随楼层高度的上升,Cd含量呈增加趋势,Pb和Zn含量呈先增加后降低趋势,Cu含量无显著变化.Zn、Cd、Cu和Pb主要以活性态存在,生物有效性较高,Ni和Cr以残渣态为主,生物有效性较低.改进的潜在生态风险评价结果表明,Cd的潜在生态风险极高,对多元素的潜在生态风险起主导作用,且对高层楼的潜在生态风险较大,其它重金属潜在生态风险为中低级.健康风险评价结果表明,Cr对儿童的致癌风险超过安全阈值,其它重金属对成人与儿童致癌风险及非致癌风险均在安全域之内.     

佛山地区干季边界层垂直风温结构对空气质量的影响

利用佛山地区2013年12月大气边界层观测试验得到的垂直风温资料和相应逐日AQI资料、逐时PM_(2.5)浓度资料,研究了佛山地区大气边界层垂直风温结构对空气质量的影响.结果表明:佛山地区干季持续存在的逆温结构是导致PM_(2.5)污染较重的重要原因.干季污染日近60%的最低逆温层高度低于1000 m,而非污染日低于1000 m的最低逆温层仅占36%,污染日佛山贴地逆温频率高达31.2%.逆温层出现高度较低,将污染物压缩积累在贴地层大气中导致污染较重.在大陆冷高压控制下,佛山地区的边界层结构演化非常典型,最大边界层高度和最大边界层通风量表现出了显著相关,污染日日平均边界层高度始终维持在较低的水平,多数时候不足500 m,最大边界层高度则大部分小于1000 m,日平均边界层通风量主要分布在500~1500 m~2·s~(-1)之间,在极端情况下甚至不足300 m~2·s~(-1),最大边界层通风量大部分处于1500~5000 m~2·s~(-1)之间,导致污染物始终聚集在较低的大气边界层内,使得PM_(2.5)浓度长时间维持在较高的污染水平.佛山地区风场存在显著的3层结构,较小的底层风速意味着大气的输送和扩散能力较弱,高度较低的中层使得污染物进一步被压缩累积在大气底层,垂直风场的不稳定性使得污染日佛山地区局地回流活跃,回流(RF)指数极小值多分布在0.2~0.4之间,污染日RF指数普遍小于非污染日,垂直风场的有效输送能力被显著削弱.     

Evaluation of marine outfall with three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality modeling

Numerical models are often used to evaluate the potential impact of human alternation of natural water bodies and to help the design of the alternation to mitigate its impacts. In the past decade, three-dimensional hydrodynamic and reactive transport modeling has matured from a research subject to a practical analysis technology. This paper presents a practical study in which a three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model [hydrodynamic eutrophication model (HEM-3D)] was applied to determine the optimal location for treated wastewater discharged from marine outfall system in the Keelung harbor and the adjacent coastal sea. First, model validation was conducted with respect to surface elevation, current, and water quality variables measured in the Keelung harbor station and its coastal sea. The overall performance of the model was in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The model was then used to evaluate several scenarios of the locations from marine outfall system. Based on model simulation results, a location at the northeast of Ho-Ping Island was recommended for adoption because the environmental impact is smaller than any other alternative.

强化垂直流可渗透反应墙处理渗滤液污染物

针对垃圾渗滤液污染物组分多、处理难度大、可生化性差的特点,基于可渗透反应墙(PRB)被动修复技术,通过多种填料的组合构建三重垂直流PRB强化的砂箱模型,对垃圾渗滤液进行连续动态处理研究。实验结果表明,填料的组合顺序对强化PRB系统净化能力有较大的影响,由无烟煤、沸石、钢渣依次组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(2#砂箱)对NH+4-N、NO-3-N、NO-2-N、COD、PO3-4-P的平均去除率分别为96.12%、30.36%、75.24%、39.03%和30.47%,处理效果明显好于相同条件下依次由无烟煤、钢渣、沸石组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(1#砂箱)。与常规PRB处理系统相比,强化垂直流可渗透反应墙系统可实现垃圾渗滤液中多种污染物同步有效去除,是极具发展潜力的新型技术。     

屋顶形状对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,通过求解二维连续性方程,Navier-Stokes方程及污染物输运方程,模拟了具有不同屋顶形状的街道峡谷的流场及交通污染物浓度场.计算结果与风洞试验结果总体趋势一致.由于屋顶形状的不同,峡谷内的流场会形成顺时针或逆时针方向的旋涡,从而影响建筑物迎风面与背风面污染物浓度分布.在各种屋顶形状的街道峡谷中,壁面污染物浓度的相对大小与其附近的速度分布有直接关系.通过对街道峡谷建筑屋顶高度处垂直方向污染物通量的计算和比较,说明了不同屋顶形状的街道峡谷平均流扩散和湍流扩散的强弱,污染物湍流扩散通量值有可能为正或为负;同时,峡谷内剩余污染物浓度的大小表明了屋顶形状对污染物扩散出街道峡谷难易的影响.      

多热源分散程度的数学模拟及对置换通风影响

通过建立多污染热源置换通风的三维数学模型,根据数值解分析三热源位置变化对多污染源置换通风效果的影响,结果表明:热源的位置变化对多污染热源置换通风效果的影响是很大的,房间内热源应紧凑布置以利于提高通风效果和节能。     

基于疲劳累积破坏机制的储罐结构动力可靠度分析

针对随机风载荷作用下储罐结构动力可靠性问题,以300 m3的中小型立式低温储罐为研究对象,利用AR模型进行数值模拟得到风载荷的脉动风速时程与脉动功率谱密度函数。采用ANSYS建立储罐三维有限元模型,并对储罐进行动力学分析,计算出储罐结构的随机响应,进而求出随机风载荷作用下储罐结构动力可靠性所需全部数字特征,最后利用疲劳累积损伤机制计算得到储罐的动力可靠度。结果表明:假设结构强度不随时间退化,前5 a动力可靠度基本保持不变,随着使用年限的延长,动力可靠度下降速度明显增大。研究方法可为储罐的动力可靠性及寿命预测提供一定的理论依据。     

县级环境监测站垂直管理后工作思考

简要分析了县级环境监测站在监测监察执法垂直管理制度改革后面临的问题,并针对问题提出建议。     

Validation of a booted finite element model of the WIAMan ATD lower limb in component and whole-body vertical loading impacts with an assessment of the boot influence model on response

Objective: A novel anthropomorphic test device (ATD) representative of the 50th percentile male soldier is being developed to predict injuries to a vehicle occupant during an underbody blast (UBB). The main objective of this study was to develop and validate a finite element (FE) model of the ATD lower limb outfitted with a military combat boot and to insert the validated lower limb into a model of the full ATD and simulate vertical loading experiments.

Methods: A Belleville desert combat boot model was assigned contacts and material properties based on previous experiments. The boot model was fit to a previously developed model of the barefoot ATD. Validation was performed through 6 matched pair component tests conducted on the Vertically Accelerated Loads Transfer System (VALTS). The load transfer capabilities of the FE model were assessed along with the force-mitigating properties of the boot. The booted lower limb subassembly was then incorporated into a whole-body model of the ATD. Two whole-body VALTS experiments were simulated to evaluate lower limb performance in the whole body.

Results: The lower limb model accurately predicted axial loads measured at heel, tibia, and knee load cells during matched pair component tests. Forces in booted simulations were compared to unbooted simulations and an amount of mitigation similar to that of experiments was observed. In a whole-body loading environment, the model kinematics match those recorded in experiments. The shape and magnitude of experimental force–time curves were accurately predicted by the model. Correlation between the experiments and simulations was backed up by high objective rating scores for all experiments.

Conclusion: The booted lower limb model is accurate in its ability to articulate and transfer loads similar to the physical dummy in simulated underbody loading experiments. The performance of the model leads to the recommendation to use it appropriately as an alternative to costly ATD experiments.     

生物强化处理石油污染土壤理化性质和微生物学特性的纵向分布特征

采用原位强化生物修复技术对某区块石油污染土壤进行为期16个月的生物修复,考察了处置后污染土壤理化性质、微生物学特性以及石油烃组成的纵向分布特征。实验结果表明,经过修复后各土层的石油烃去除率是表层土IN-3(50.42%)中层土IN-2(23.54%)底层土IN-1(10.51%);IN-1处于缺氧环境,存在硫酸盐还原和反硝化作用,使得土壤pH值从7.86±0.03降低至7.27±0.03,土壤总氮从2.53±0.13 g/kg降低至0.77±0.04 g/kg;厌氧菌的种群数量是IN-1(10.43±0.71×104CFU/g)IN-3(6.74±0.39×104CFU/g)IN-2(5.15±0.42×104CFU/g),放线菌数量与石油烃含量显著负相关(r=-0.989,p=0.0110.05);IN-3对饱和份和芳香份的降解率最高,分别达到了70.27%和54.52%,远高于IN-2和IN-1;模拟蒸馏结果表明,IN-3正构烷烃得到了很大程度的去除,缺氧的IN-1对正构烷烃去除得较少;厌氧菌数量与胶质和沥青质去除率之间成正相关关系,对于污染源较为分散的污染区域,采用原位生物强化修复时可以考虑引入厌氧修复。