高层建筑火灾中烟气组合控制设置参数的研究

利用FDS模拟研究走廊中排烟口数量、位置以及挡烟垂壁与缓冲区的结合对高层建筑烟气控制效果的影响,寻找最佳组合烟气控制模式。结果表明,在走廊中部设置1个以排除火灾产生烟气为主的排烟口,在空气幕前方2m处设置1个以排除新鲜空气为主的排气口,并且在排气口后方0.5m处设置1个挡烟垂壁的组合烟气控制模式具有最佳的烟气控制效果。挡烟垂壁离机械排烟口0.5m时,可以有效降低缓冲区及前室的温度和烟气浓度,前室内CO2体积分数下降21.4%,温度下降9℃。当挡烟垂壁离空气幕较近时,走廊内的温度和烟气浓度反而上升。     

外墙保温材料数值模拟研究

根据外墙保温材料具体的工程参数为依据,对挤塑型聚苯乙烯(XPS)、膨胀型聚苯乙烯(EPS)和聚氨酯(PU)三种材料的燃烧参数进行设定,设定火源为从窗口喷射而出的火焰,运用FDS软件进行数值模拟与分析。经过模拟发现:外墙保温材料在竖向燃烧中,火焰前锋高度呈现抛物线式增长,y=at2+bt+c,前期增长迅速,后期逐渐平稳。火焰前锋速度按照线性变化,vp=αt+β。在整个燃烧过程中,火焰前锋速度平稳的降低。XPS板导热系数最好,各测点的温度上升最慢,EPS板蓄热系数最好,所以其温度曲线最为平稳。     

闽赣地区跨断层垂直形变与地震关系初探

利用闽赣地区跨断层流动垂直形变测量资料 ,对该地区断层现今活动的动态过程及空间分布进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,闽赣地区断层现今活动具有时空不均一性 :时间上具有准同步转折及阶段性特点 ,各阶段的活动速率和方式不同 ;空间上具有区域差异性 ,坑北—前梧断层活动速率最高 ,白竹湖断层活动速率最低。讨论了断层活动与地震的关系 ,认为 1984年以来 4次准同步转折均与地震有关。     

Combined reticular blind drainage and vertical hierarchical drainage system for landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level

A novel water control technology that combines the features of a reticular blind drainage system and a vertical hierarchical drainage system is developed and applied in the Yanziyan Sanitary Landfill, which is located at an area (Loudi City, Hunan Province, China) with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The reticular blind drain system, which was installed on the bottom and side walls of the landfill site, can conveniently guide the flow of groundwater out of the site while preventing a disorganized flow of groundwater. The vertical hierarchical drainage system was installed to separate rainfall water and leachate in the landfill site, thus efficiently reducing the pressure of leachate treatment. The whole drainage system plays a key role in foundation stabilization by seepage control and separation and in the instant drainage of rainfall water. The leachate reduction efficiency of the drainage technology was calculated in terms of leachate production before (336519 m³) and after (29664 m³) technology application. Over 90% of leachate derived from rainfall water and groundwater inflow was avoided upon installation of the vertical hierarchical drainage and reticular blind drainage systems. The technology can thus be popularized and applied for water control in landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The proposed technology can be used to alleviate the pressure of leachate treatment and to reduce the risk of instability.     

Air quality analysis and indexing of Kolkata city with respect to vertical floor heights and seasonal variation

Air pollution is one of the most important global environmental issues. Urban air quality is generally becoming vulnerable especially in the developing countries due to various developmental activities. Several national and international studies prove that air pollution is harmful to human health and its long term exposure contributes to even mortality. Current study has been designed to determine the vertical floor wise air quality status of the city of Kolkata and the seasonal variation of the pollutants during two consecutive years. Particulate matter (PM₁₀ and suspended particulate matter), oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide were analyzed for a total number of 135 air quality samples throughout the study area and period. Pollutants were found positively correlated with each other and with the floor heights. According to the air quality indexing, all the places were found affected from moderate to severe air pollution irrespective of the vertical floor heights, seasons and places. Although, no such seasonal trend has been emerged from the study but the number of samples beyond standard is found highest during the winter season followed by pre-monsoon.     

猫儿山自然保护区森林群落垂直格局与主导因素分析

陆地生态系统中海拔高度的变化会导致植物群落的垂直性分布,这是形成植物多样性的一个重要性原因。了解和分析不同区域植物群落的垂直性分布规律和生物多样性形成机制对保护森林生物多样性具有重要意义。本文通过对猫儿山自然保护区不同海拔高度森林植物群落和环境因子的调查,运用双向指示种分析（Two-way Indicator-Species Analysis）和典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis）,对不同海拔高度的群落进行划分,对决定植物群落分布的主导环境因子进行分析,结果表明：（1）猫儿自然保护区森林群落可以分为7个群落类型,其代表树种分别是罗浮栲Castanopsis fabri、栲树Castanopsis fargeisii、银木荷Schima argentea、铁椎栲Castanopsis lamontii、南方铁杉Tsuga chinensis、长苞铁杉Tsuga longibracterata、马尾松Pinus massoniana;（2）在中亚热带,海拔对山地植物群落形成起决定性作用;（3）土壤是仅次于海拔的重要环境因子,其中土类和土层厚度对森林群落的影响较大。在中亚热带森林生态保护和恢复过程中,按照不同海拔高度的植物群落特征选择种植合适树种,按照当地土壤条件选择适当的生态保护和恢复措施能加快生态恢复的进程,提高生态保护的效益。     

垂直流人工湿地MgFe-LDHs覆膜改性基质净化效果研究

选取生物陶粒、无烟煤、沸石3种垂直流人工湿地常用基质,采用金属摩尔比(M2+ : M3+)为2:1的MgCl2溶液和FeCl3溶液在碱性条件下共沉淀即时生成MgFe-LDHs,并将其覆膜于所选3种垂直流人工湿地基质表面;构建模拟基质试验柱,对改性前后的6种基质进行垂直流人工湿地模拟柱净化受污染湖水的小试试验,并进行对比分析.结果表明:该种针对垂直流人工湿地典型基质的MgFe-LDHs覆膜改性方式可行;改性后的3种基质对CODCr、氨氮、总磷的净化效果均有不同程度的提高;其中,无烟煤基质的覆膜改性性能最优,改性后的无烟煤基质对CODCr、氨氮、总磷的平均去除率分别超过了80%、60%和90%.     

南京城区上空大气一氧化碳的观测分析

利用南京大学城市大气环境观测站(32°03′20″N,118°46′32″E)2011年1~12月一氧化碳(CO)连续观测资料,分析南京市CO浓度变化特征;利用后向轨迹模式和聚类分析方法研究影响南京市的主要气团及其化学性质;基于MOPITT资料分析南京市CO的垂直分布.研究表明,南京市CO的年均浓度为(757.5±410.5)×10-9.CO浓度具有明显日变化特征,早上8:00浓度最高,下午16:00浓度最低.CO日变化具有季节差异性,春季最为明显,夏季幅度最小.一周之中CO在周五的浓度最高.CO存在明显季节变化,冬季1月浓度最高,夏季6月浓度最低.HYSPLIT4把影响该观测站的主要气团分为6类,其中来自江苏南部、浙江、上海的气团的污染物浓度最高,对南京市CO浓度贡献最大;源于西伯利亚高原,伴随强冷空气迅速向南移动的气团对南京市CO贡献最小.卫星数据分析结果表明,南京市夏季CO的垂直分布与其他3个季节有较大差异.与地面观测站相比,卫星反演的CO地面浓度要明显偏低.     

Impact of consistent boundary layer mixing approaches between NAM and CMAQ

Discrepancies in grid structure, dynamics and physics packages in the offline coupled NWS/NCEP NAM meteorological model with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model can give rise to inconsistencies. This study investigates the use of three vertical mixing schemes to drive chemistry tracers in the National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC). The three schemes evaluated in this study represent various degrees of coupling to improve the commonality in turbulence parameterization between the meteorological and chemistry models. The methods tested include: (1) using NAM predicted TKE-based planetary boundary height, h, as the prime parameter to derive CMAQ vertical diffusivity; (2) using the NAM mixed layer depth to determine h and then proceeding as in (1); and (3) using NAM predicted vertical diffusivity directly to parameterize turbulence mixing within CMAQ. A two week period with elevated surface O₃ concentrations during the summer 2006 has been selected to test these schemes in a sensitivity study. The study results are verified and evaluated using the EPA AIRNow monitoring network and other ozonesonde data. The third method is preferred a priori as it represents the tightest coupling option studied in this work for turbulent mixing processes between the meteorological and air quality models. It was found to accurately reproduce the upper bounds of turbulent mixing and provide the best agreement between predicted h and ozonesonde observed relative humidity profile inferred h for sites investigated in this study. However, this did not translate into the best agreement in surface O₃ concentrations. Overall verification results during the test period of two weeks in August 2006, did not show superiority of this method over the other 2 methods in all regions of the continental U.S. Further efforts in model improvement for the parameterizations of turbulent mixing and other surface O₃ forecast related processes are warranted.     

垂直流人工湿地配水均匀性的研究

从能量分配和压力水头分布出发,阐述了垂直流人工湿地穿孔管配水系统能量分布及压力水头分布状况.在此基础上,提出了影响垂直流人工湿地配水均匀性的2个关键影响因子—最不利2点流量关系及穿孔管布水系统内部配水间隔时间,得出了垂直流人工湿地配水系统中最不利2点的孔口出流流量关系式及垂直流人工湿地穿孔管布水系统内部配水间隔时间,为采用穿孔管配水的垂直流人工湿地提供了理论研究资料.