95Zr在土壤中的淋溶与垂直迁移

采用土柱法研究了⁹⁵Zr在浙江省有代表性的3种土壤(小粉土、红黄壤和海泥)中的淋溶和垂直迁移及盐度对其行为的影响.结果显示:①淋溶后收集到的全部淋溶水中95Zr的含量较少,250ml、500ml和750ml 3种不同淋溶水量下,小粉土约占原始引入量的5.33%～7.68%,海泥为0.77%～1.32%,红黄壤几乎为0;且随着总的淋溶水量的增加,被淋溶下的⁹⁵Zr的总量变化不明显,表明⁹⁵Zr一旦被土壤吸附,则不易被解吸;②滞留于土壤中的⁹⁵Zr绝大部分分布在土壤表层,小粉土约有45.99%～50.02%的⁹⁵Zr滞留于0～0.4cm土层范围内,红黄壤和海泥则分别为96.02%～97.16%和95.94%～98.01%;③随淋溶水盐度的增加,表层土(0～0.2cm)中⁹⁵Zr的量明显提高,表明水体盐度增加有助于提高土壤对⁹⁵Zr的吸附率     

上海地区霾时气溶胶类型垂直分布的季节变化

采用上海地区2007年1月~2010年11月CALIPSO星载激光雷达Level 2反演资料,对清洁海洋型、沙尘型、大陆污染型、大陆清洁型、污染沙尘型和烟尘型等类型气溶胶垂直分布进行了分析,研究了其季节变化规律.结果表明:霾发生时0~2km高度烟尘型气溶胶出现频率明显高于非霾时,而在2~8km高度,沙尘型、污染沙尘型与大陆污染型明显高于非霾时.0~2km高度春季霾大陆污染型气溶胶出现频率高于其他季节;0~2km夏季污染沙尘型气溶胶与海洋型气溶胶出现频率均高于其他季节,特别是污染沙尘型;秋季霾期间,0~2km高度范围内烟尘型出现频率明显高于2~6km高度;冬季污染沙尘型、烟尘、大陆污染型气溶胶出现频率高于其他季节.     

The effect of texture and irrigation on the soil moisture vertical-temporal variability in an urban artificial landscape: a case study of Olympic Forest Park in Beijing

Soil moisture variability in natural landscapes has been widely studied; however, less attention has been paid to its variability in the urban landscapes with respect to the possible influence of texture stratification and irrigation management. Therefore, a case study was carried out in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park to continuously monitor the soil in three typical profiles from 26 April to 11 November 2010. The texture stratification significantly affected the vertical distribution of moisture in the non-irrigated profile where moisture was mostly below field capacity. In the profile where irrigation was sufficient to maintain moisture above field capacity, gravity flow led to increased moisture with depth and thus eliminated the influence of texture. In the non-irrigated sites, the upper layer (above 80 cm) exhibited long-term moisture persistence with the time scale approximating the average rainfall interval. However, a coarse-textured layer weakened the influence of rainfall, and a fine-textured layer weakened the influence of evapotranspiration, both of which resulted in random noise-like moisture series in the deeper layers. At the irrigated site, frequent irrigation neutralized the influence of evapotranspiration in the upper layer (above 60 cm) and overshadowed the influence of rainfall in the deeper layer. As a result, the moisture level in the upper layer also behaved as a random noise-like series; whereas due to deep transpiration, the moisture of the deep layer had a persistence time-scale longer than a month, consistent with characteristic time-scales found for deep transpiration.     

Combined reticular blind drainage and vertical hierarchical drainage system for landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level

A novel water control technology that combines the features of a reticular blind drainage system and a vertical hierarchical drainage system is developed and applied in the Yanziyan Sanitary Landfill, which is located at an area (Loudi City, Hunan Province, China) with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The reticular blind drain system, which was installed on the bottom and side walls of the landfill site, can conveniently guide the flow of groundwater out of the site while preventing a disorganized flow of groundwater. The vertical hierarchical drainage system was installed to separate rainfall water and leachate in the landfill site, thus efficiently reducing the pressure of leachate treatment. The whole drainage system plays a key role in foundation stabilization by seepage control and separation and in the instant drainage of rainfall water. The leachate reduction efficiency of the drainage technology was calculated in terms of leachate production before (336519 m³) and after (29664 m³) technology application. Over 90% of leachate derived from rainfall water and groundwater inflow was avoided upon installation of the vertical hierarchical drainage and reticular blind drainage systems. The technology can thus be popularized and applied for water control in landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The proposed technology can be used to alleviate the pressure of leachate treatment and to reduce the risk of instability.     

洞庭湖湿地有机碳垂直分布与组成特征

以洞庭湖3类湿地的9个典型剖面为代表,研究了洞庭湖湿地有机碳垂直分布和组成特征.结果表明,湖草滩地表层(0～10cm)有机碳含量(>40g/kg)明显高于芦苇滩地(20±2.8) g/kg和垦殖水田(28±8.6) g/kg .0～30cm内,湖草和芦苇滩地有机碳含量随深度的增加而下降,30cm以下有机碳含量基本稳定.垦殖水田的3个剖面间有机碳含量存在较大变异.湖草滩地表层0～10cm轻组碳占总有机碳的20%以上,而芦苇滩地和垦殖水田表层0～10cm的有机碳以稳定的重组碳为主(>90 %) .同一类型湿地垂直方向上,受有机碳来源复杂性的影响,轻组碳占总有机碳的比例具有明显的层次性.分组试验还表明,重组碳与总有机碳、容重与总有机碳、重组碳与重组氮之间具有极显著的相关关系(p<0.01).     

北京秋冬季近地层PM2.5质量浓度垂直分布特征

选取秋冬两季各14 d对北京地区近地层ρ(PM_2.5)垂直分布进行监测,获得ρ(PM_2.5)垂直廓线;结合同步测得的气象数据,就气象因素对垂直分布的影响进行了分析;最终拟合了ρ(PM_2.5)垂直廓线方程.研究表明:秋冬两季ρ(PM_2.5)的垂直分布随高度增加而呈对数递减的规律;风速随高度的变化遵循对数规律;发生逆温时,大气层结稳定,垂直方向上的湍流受到抑制,风速与PM_2.5逐时质量浓度在垂直方向的分布呈较好的线性关系,ρ(PM_2.5)随高度改变呈显著的对数相关关系;而在非逆温的情况下,PM_2.5逐时质量浓度垂直分布与风速线性相关的概率较小,质量浓度的垂直分布与高度的对数关系不显著.      

河流底泥中DO和有机质对三氮释放的影响

通过大型静态土柱模拟实验,研究氮在上覆水和孔隙水中的分布特性和释放特性,在控制氧气和底泥w(有机质)的条件下,连续观测氨态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮(简称三氮,三者之和为总无机氮)质量浓度变化,并对其垂向分布特性进行分析,发现水体底泥释放氨态氮与反硝化作用达到平衡的时间受通氧条件影响明显;总无机氮质量浓度(ρ(TIN))在各柱的孔隙水、水土界面处和上覆水中的变化各异;在w(有机质)高的底泥中,有机质是影响总无机氮释放的最大因子,而在w(有机质)低的条件下,DO是影响总无机氮释放的最大因子.      

垂直流人工湿地系统工程的污染物净化效率研究

将传统污水处理技术与人工湿地工艺相结合,通过将强化型前处理系统引入到高效垂直流人工湿地水质净化系统,从而提高了人工湿地的处理效率.9个月的实际运行证明,该预处理装置的设置降低了湿地负荷,提高了人工湿地对污水的净化效率,特别是对有机污染物有较好的去除效果.改良后的湿地系统对合流制污水污染物净化具有良好效果,且运行成本低,适用于土地资源比较丰富、资金紧张的地区.      

利用SAGE Ⅱ卫星资料分析青藏高原上空臭氧垂直廓线

利用1985-2002年SAGE Ⅱ卫星资料获取青藏高原地区上空大气臭氧垂直廓线,分析其变化规律.结果表明:①卫星资料与地面臭氧探空资料有很好的一致性;②青藏高原上空大气臭氧垂直廓线存在南北间的差异和季节变化,夏秋季臭氧廓线极大值出现的位置比冬春季高出1～2 km(高原南部)和2～3 km(高原北部);③臭氧数浓度在10～20 km的高度存在明显季节和南北区域差异;④与同纬度其他地区的平均值相比,夏季(6-9月)臭氧低值主要出现在15～20 km的高原对流层顶附近,最低值出现在18 km附近,而冬季这种差异相对较小.      

电厂SCR空气雾化喷嘴的雾化特性研究

SCR是当前世界上公认的成熟控制氮氧化物技术,喷嘴是其喷射系统的关键部件。空气雾化喷嘴是一种广泛应用的雾化装置,具有雾化效果好、供给系统简单等优点。设计了新型外混式空气雾化喷嘴,并对其雾化性能进行了实验研究。实验研究主要分析了空气压力、液体压力及测量位置不同时,新型外混式空气雾化喷嘴喷雾的SMD、平均轴向速度、平均径向速度、液滴通量等特性参数沿喷嘴径向的分布情况。实验结果表明,空气雾化喷嘴具有良好的雾化效果。