南京北郊地区黑碳气溶胶对光解系数的影响

采用2018年6月以及2017年10月南京黑碳气溶胶（BC）垂直观测数据和Mie散射理论计算BC光学厚度（AOD_BC）,并将结果输入TUV辐射传输模型,探讨BC对光解系数J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]日变化及垂直变化的影响.结果表明,在地面,J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]日变化均呈单峰型分布,峰值在正午12：00,但BC对J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]的衰减作用正午时最小,在6：00和18：00左右较大,最大分别可达-13.7%和-19.0%.AOD_BC与光解系数呈非线性负相关,BC对光解系数的衰减能力随着AOD_BC增大而下降.当天顶角为0°时,光解系数对AOD_BC的变化最敏感.在边界层0~1km内,光解系数与高度呈线性正相关,这与紫外辐射密切相关,J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]在垂直高度上与紫外辐射的相关系数R均高达0.99.BC对光解系数的衰减程度随高度下降而增大,但幅度较小,距平的最大值仅0.1%.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地植物根系对水分垂向通量的影响

为了定量揭示湿地植物根系的水文效应,采用全物理机制的土壤水分运移数值模型,以鄱阳湖吴城湿地国家自然保护区的茵陈篙群落为例,模拟分析根系引起的水文效应.结果表明,根系将增加土壤饱和含水量与土壤进气值,显著改变土壤水分特征曲线（SWRC）与土壤蓄水能力;在考虑根系影响SWRC下模拟率定的土壤含水量与观测数据的时空变化一致：模型10和50cm观测值与拟合值相关系数由不考虑根系效应下的0.83提高至0.85,10和50cm深度土壤含水量的实测值与模拟值的均方根误差分别减少61%和83%.同时这种率定方法下的模拟相比以往的研究地下水补给根系层水量提高34%;考虑典型的根系效应蒸散发量和累积地下水边界向上通量分别增加10%和150%.而在气候极端干旱条件下地下水向上补给量在根系效应下增加7%~56%,累计差异可达38~312cm,同时蒸散发量增加13%.在植被生长旺季时若地下水埋深较深,则根系效应对蒸散发量的影响会放大.因此在进行相关的湿地生态水文过程和湿地水与物质平衡研究中,建议充分评估湿地植物根系的水文效应,并视计算的工况条件,考虑其水文效应在整个水文过程中的影响.     

Magnetic micro-particle conditioning–pressurized vertical electro-osmotic dewatering (MPEOD) of activated sludge: Role and behavior of moisture and organics

In this study, a magnetic micro-particle conditioning–pressurized vertical electro-osmotic dewatering (MPEOD) process with magnetic micro-particle conditioning–drainage under gravity–mechanical compression–electrical compression (MMPC–DG–MC–EC) stages was established to study the distribution and migration of water, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and other organic matter in the activated sludge (AS) matrix at each stage. Results showed that the MPEOD process could attain 53.52% water content (WC) in dewatered AS with bound water (BW) and free water (FW) reduction rates of 82.97% and 99.67%, respectively. The coagulation and time-delayed magnetic field effects of magnetic micro-particles (MMPs) along the MMPC–DG–MC stages initiated the transformation of partial BW to FW in AS. EC had a coupling driving effect of electro-osmosis and pressure on BW, and the changes in pH and temperature at EC stage induced the aggregation of AS flocs and the release of partial BW. Additionally, MMPs dosing further improved the dewatering performance of AS by acting as skeleton builders to provide water passages. Meanwhile, MMPs could disintegrate sludge cells and EPS fractions, thereby reducing tryptophan-like protein and byproduct-like material concentrations in LB-EPS as well as protein/polysaccharide ratio in AS matrix, which could improve AS filterability. At EC stage, the former four Ex/Em regions of fluorescence regional integration analysis for EPS were obviously reduced, especially the protein-like substances in LB- and TB-EPS, which contributed to improvement of AS dewaterability.     

成都一次霾过程中颗粒物消光作用的垂直变化

基于2017年1月4~7日成都地区一次重霾过程中,颗粒物粒径谱的垂直加密观测和激光雷达同步观测数据,利用Mie散射理论计算颗粒物消光系数并与激光雷达反演结果对比,计算了不同粒径谱颗粒物消光系数以及消光贡献率.分析表明：重霾期间,在不同边界层高度上颗粒物消光系数表现为PM₁ > PM_2.5~10 > PM_1~2.5 > PM _{> 10},其中PM₁的消光贡献率整体上维持在49.5%~69.4%,是本次重霾过程中影响颗粒物消光系数大小的主要因子.在大气边界层内,不同粒径谱颗粒物消光作用呈现出显著垂直变化和昼夜差异,白天在600m以下和700~1100m之间颗粒物消光系数出现高值区;夜间颗粒物消光系数整体上随高度呈现出明显递减趋势,在1100m处出现高值.此外,夜间在200m以下颗粒物消光系数明显大于白天,且PM_>1的消光贡献率也明显大于白天.整体上,PM₁消光贡献率随高度递增,而PM_>1消光贡献率随高度递减.     

内蒙古农牧交错带粮豆种植风险评估

以典型农牧交错带巴林左旗为例，以历年减产率指标、减产率变异系数指标、风险指数指标和综合风险指标等为评估标准，分析了评估巴林左旗粮豆单产的风险分布规律。结果表明，多数灾年的减产率在45％以下，从而得出一般性减产年份较多，而重灾或绝收年份较少的结论。根据气候相似性原理，结合小网格资源推算的方法，利用GIS技术，进行了粮豆种植的风险评估与区划，指出该地区风险分布具有北部高、南部低的连片性分布特点。同时对影响粮豆产量波动的风险成因进行了评估，得出南北部气候条件的差异和气象灾害的频繁发生是引起该地区粮豆产量波动的主要因素。     

基于数值模拟的泥石流危险性分区方法

由于泥石流运动方程研究和计算机技术的迅速发展使得基于数值模拟的泥石流危险性分区方法已成为泥石流危险性分区的主要方法.该方法也是这一领域最为有效的定量方法,并被大量应用于泥石流灾害评估、土地利用规划和灾害制图中.在分析泥石流运动数值模拟方法和根据模拟结果进行分区研究现状的基础上,指出了该方法在数值模型的建立、分区指标的确定以及指标分级中存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了解决方法.     

竖向断裂缝对场地地震动的影响分析

断裂缝在工程场地十分常见,研究其对场地地震动的影响很有必要.基于应用局部人工边界条件模拟辐射阻尼影响的二维显式有限元方法,分别对垂直入射和斜入射地震波情形下具有不同深度的竖向断裂缝场地地震动进行了数值模拟,并与地表水平的均匀半空间场地地震动进行了对比,结果表明,断裂缝对其附近场地地震动的影响显著,但随着离开裂缝的距离变大,其影响迅速减小.     

Reinventing marine spatial planning: a critical review of initiatives worldwide

ABSTRACT

Although marine spatial planning (MSP) is increasingly being applied worldwide, it appears to be based on an ambiguity that has arisen from its dichotomous role of ensuring both conservation and development. This elusive ideal hints at a possible discrepancy between theory and practice. This paper explores the hypothesis that beyond a performative narrative, MSP is actually better described as a variety of devices which fulfil other roles and converge in terms of planning type. To test this hypothesis, this paper analyses the content of past and present MSP initiatives from around the world. The findings show that these initiatives view MSP either as a strategic sectoral spatial planning tool or strategic planning tool, brought in to complement existing initiatives. Furthermore, these two approaches can actually be seen to converge in the type of planning used, through the role attributed to spatial aspects, and more specifically in the place given to zoning. There are two key implications of these findings: the need to open up theoretical debates more broadly to different disciplinary perspectives on MSP; and the need for crucial choices to be made to ensure that MSP does not become an illusion behind which other agendas lie.

Highlights

• Several scientific communities are working on MSP in parallel

• MSP does not in reality fulfil its theoretical objectives, but it fulfils other roles

• We make a critical review of 44 experiences of MSP from throughout the world

• Different forms of MSP generally make similar uses of zoning

• MSP is both illusory and necessary and must engage a critical turn

     

区域地球化学中大面积、低浓度分带异常评价——以督冷沟铜钴矿发现为例

根据水系沉积物异常产出地质背景、矿产地质特征及各类异常查证,阐述了督冷沟铜钴矿的发现过程。依据督冷沟铜、钴矿水系沉积物异常特征,提出大面积、低浓度分带异常评价应引起重视,并进一步提出对该类异常评价的思路。     

宁镇山脉岩基的水平分带和垂直分带

宁镇山脉岩基中四个花岗岩类杂岩体具分带性。水平分带表现在单个杂岩体从边缘向核部的结晶顺序总是为:石英闪长岩→石英二长岩(花岗闪长岩)→二长花岗岩,斑晶含量随岩石酸度增加而降低,以致由斑状结构演化为等粒状结构,岩浆定位后的对流作用是这种水平分带的主要机理。与岩浆房内部对流结合起来的边界层环流作用使富钾流体在高位富集,导致晚期分异熔体从早期结晶外壳冲破出来移向高处而具垂直分带。认为每个杂岩体代表一批同源岩浆的演化系列或一个超单元。