秦皇岛市生态环境建设规划若干问题探讨

作者对城市生态环境建设规划的类型和特点进行了归纳,并对编制生态规划所必须进行的生态调查和生态区划进行了概述,提出了编制城市生态环境建设规划与可持续发展战略等若干问题的解决思路。     

高含沙紊动系统中泥沙铜的相互作用及其垂向浓度分布

采用谐振式紊动模拟装置 ,通过格栅以一定振幅、不同频率的往复运动 ,在水体中形成均匀紊动场 ,研究紊动对高浓度固液两相系统中泥沙 (黄土 )与铜的相互作用及其垂向浓度分布的影响 ,投沙量 (S)范围为 5kg/m³～800kg/m³.结果表明 ,在均匀紊动条件下 ,黄土对铜的吸附量在S =10kg/m³ 处出现峰值 ,而后随着投沙量的增加而快速下降 .这可能是铜的专性吸附、马兰黄土富含碳酸钙而导致铜的碳酸盐和氢氧化物沉淀 ,以及泥沙浓度效应等过程的共同作用所致 .水相铜浓度随S从 5kg/m³增加到 200kg/m³时快速下降 ,在S>200kg/m³ 的高含沙条件下继续下降趋于 0 .高浓度泥沙紊动水体中 ,水相铜浓度和泥沙吸附铜量的垂向分布分别表现出均匀和波动的不同特点 ,实际含沙量的垂向分布在S<100kg/m³时比较均匀 ,在S>200kg/m³时自上而下逐步增加 .     

Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.     

中国设区市土地集约利用类型区划分研究

中国的基本国情之一是地区差异明显。在进行城市集约利用评价或制定相关标准时,由于存在这种差异,导致很多政策执行不力。在人们高度重视城市土地集约利用研究时,如何进行差别对待,因地制宜,需要从类型区的角度进行研究。本文以设区城市为研究对象,在对《城市统计年鉴》进行统计分析的基础上,采用"统计分析+使用频率"方法,筛选出共4类24个指标,借助统计资料和GIS技术,划分了4个一级集约利用类型区以及各区中的17个亚区,并建立了亚区命名体系。结果显示:(1)城市土地集约利用程度大致为东高西低。东部城市多为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,中部城市多为Ⅲ级,西部城市多为Ⅳ级。(2)城市土地集约程度和城市经济状况存在不完全吻合现象,表现在一些城市经济情况相对比较好,但是土地集约利用程度却不高。这在中部城市表现得十分明显。由此得出结论,采用本文的研究思路和方法可以较好地解决城市土地集约利用的差异管理问题,并可进行动态更新,使政策制定和管理更具操作性。     

Eclogites with a short-lived granulite facies overprint in the Moldanubian Zone, Czech Republic: petrology, geochemistry and diffusion modelling of garnet zoning

The petrology and geochemistry of a newly discovered suite of high-pressure garnet + clinopyroxene-bearing rocks from the Monotonous Series of the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif, southwest Czech Republic have been investigated. Three types [common eclogites, quartz ± kyanite ± (clino)zoisite eclogites and garnet-hornblende-clinopyroxenites] are distinguished by petrography and geochemistry. All underwent a significant degree of partial breakdown under granulite and amphibolite facies conditions during exhumation. Important features include the growth of orthopyroxene in breakdown domains after garnet and omphacite and anorthite + spinel ± corundum ± exceedingly peraluminous sapphirine replacing kyanite. Garnet zoning and inclusion patterns support a prograde evolution from low pressures for at least some of the samples. The post-eclogite stage granulite facies overprint indicates that high temperatures prevailed during exhumation, but preservation of zoning in some garnets and the results of diffusion modelling suggest that this overprint took place over a very short time-scale. The geochemical and petrological results allow characteristic differences to be recognized between these eclogites and metabasites found in other tectonic units of South Bohemia and consequently the assigning of all high-pressure rocks to a single, now disrupted, tectonic unit is a gross simplification that seriously misrepresents the tectono-metamorphic history of the region.     

Magnetic micro-particle conditioning–pressurized vertical electro-osmotic dewatering (MPEOD) of activated sludge: Role and behavior of moisture and organics

In this study, a magnetic micro-particle conditioning–pressurized vertical electro-osmotic dewatering (MPEOD) process with magnetic micro-particle conditioning–drainage under gravity–mechanical compression–electrical compression (MMPC–DG–MC–EC) stages was established to study the distribution and migration of water, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and other organic matter in the activated sludge (AS) matrix at each stage. Results showed that the MPEOD process could attain 53.52% water content (WC) in dewatered AS with bound water (BW) and free water (FW) reduction rates of 82.97% and 99.67%, respectively. The coagulation and time-delayed magnetic field effects of magnetic micro-particles (MMPs) along the MMPC–DG–MC stages initiated the transformation of partial BW to FW in AS. EC had a coupling driving effect of electro-osmosis and pressure on BW, and the changes in pH and temperature at EC stage induced the aggregation of AS flocs and the release of partial BW. Additionally, MMPs dosing further improved the dewatering performance of AS by acting as skeleton builders to provide water passages. Meanwhile, MMPs could disintegrate sludge cells and EPS fractions, thereby reducing tryptophan-like protein and byproduct-like material concentrations in LB-EPS as well as protein/polysaccharide ratio in AS matrix, which could improve AS filterability. At EC stage, the former four Ex/Em regions of fluorescence regional integration analysis for EPS were obviously reduced, especially the protein-like substances in LB- and TB-EPS, which contributed to improvement of AS dewaterability.     

南京北郊地区黑碳气溶胶对光解系数的影响

采用2018年6月以及2017年10月南京黑碳气溶胶（BC）垂直观测数据和Mie散射理论计算BC光学厚度（AOD_BC）,并将结果输入TUV辐射传输模型,探讨BC对光解系数J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]日变化及垂直变化的影响.结果表明,在地面,J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]日变化均呈单峰型分布,峰值在正午12：00,但BC对J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]的衰减作用正午时最小,在6：00和18：00左右较大,最大分别可达-13.7%和-19.0%.AOD_BC与光解系数呈非线性负相关,BC对光解系数的衰减能力随着AOD_BC增大而下降.当天顶角为0°时,光解系数对AOD_BC的变化最敏感.在边界层0~1km内,光解系数与高度呈线性正相关,这与紫外辐射密切相关,J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]在垂直高度上与紫外辐射的相关系数R均高达0.99.BC对光解系数的衰减程度随高度下降而增大,但幅度较小,距平的最大值仅0.1%.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地植物根系对水分垂向通量的影响

为了定量揭示湿地植物根系的水文效应,采用全物理机制的土壤水分运移数值模型,以鄱阳湖吴城湿地国家自然保护区的茵陈篙群落为例,模拟分析根系引起的水文效应.结果表明,根系将增加土壤饱和含水量与土壤进气值,显著改变土壤水分特征曲线（SWRC）与土壤蓄水能力;在考虑根系影响SWRC下模拟率定的土壤含水量与观测数据的时空变化一致：模型10和50cm观测值与拟合值相关系数由不考虑根系效应下的0.83提高至0.85,10和50cm深度土壤含水量的实测值与模拟值的均方根误差分别减少61%和83%.同时这种率定方法下的模拟相比以往的研究地下水补给根系层水量提高34%;考虑典型的根系效应蒸散发量和累积地下水边界向上通量分别增加10%和150%.而在气候极端干旱条件下地下水向上补给量在根系效应下增加7%~56%,累计差异可达38~312cm,同时蒸散发量增加13%.在植被生长旺季时若地下水埋深较深,则根系效应对蒸散发量的影响会放大.因此在进行相关的湿地生态水文过程和湿地水与物质平衡研究中,建议充分评估湿地植物根系的水文效应,并视计算的工况条件,考虑其水文效应在整个水文过程中的影响.     

成都一次霾过程中颗粒物消光作用的垂直变化

基于2017年1月4~7日成都地区一次重霾过程中,颗粒物粒径谱的垂直加密观测和激光雷达同步观测数据,利用Mie散射理论计算颗粒物消光系数并与激光雷达反演结果对比,计算了不同粒径谱颗粒物消光系数以及消光贡献率.分析表明：重霾期间,在不同边界层高度上颗粒物消光系数表现为PM₁ > PM_2.5~10 > PM_1~2.5 > PM _{> 10},其中PM₁的消光贡献率整体上维持在49.5%~69.4%,是本次重霾过程中影响颗粒物消光系数大小的主要因子.在大气边界层内,不同粒径谱颗粒物消光作用呈现出显著垂直变化和昼夜差异,白天在600m以下和700~1100m之间颗粒物消光系数出现高值区;夜间颗粒物消光系数整体上随高度呈现出明显递减趋势,在1100m处出现高值.此外,夜间在200m以下颗粒物消光系数明显大于白天,且PM_>1的消光贡献率也明显大于白天.整体上,PM₁消光贡献率随高度递增,而PM_>1消光贡献率随高度递减.     

内蒙古农牧交错带粮豆种植风险评估

以典型农牧交错带巴林左旗为例，以历年减产率指标、减产率变异系数指标、风险指数指标和综合风险指标等为评估标准，分析了评估巴林左旗粮豆单产的风险分布规律。结果表明，多数灾年的减产率在45％以下，从而得出一般性减产年份较多，而重灾或绝收年份较少的结论。根据气候相似性原理，结合小网格资源推算的方法，利用GIS技术，进行了粮豆种植的风险评估与区划，指出该地区风险分布具有北部高、南部低的连片性分布特点。同时对影响粮豆产量波动的风险成因进行了评估，得出南北部气候条件的差异和气象灾害的频繁发生是引起该地区粮豆产量波动的主要因素。