Combined reticular blind drainage and vertical hierarchical drainage system for landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level

A novel water control technology that combines the features of a reticular blind drainage system and a vertical hierarchical drainage system is developed and applied in the Yanziyan Sanitary Landfill, which is located at an area (Loudi City, Hunan Province, China) with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The reticular blind drain system, which was installed on the bottom and side walls of the landfill site, can conveniently guide the flow of groundwater out of the site while preventing a disorganized flow of groundwater. The vertical hierarchical drainage system was installed to separate rainfall water and leachate in the landfill site, thus efficiently reducing the pressure of leachate treatment. The whole drainage system plays a key role in foundation stabilization by seepage control and separation and in the instant drainage of rainfall water. The leachate reduction efficiency of the drainage technology was calculated in terms of leachate production before (336519 m³) and after (29664 m³) technology application. Over 90% of leachate derived from rainfall water and groundwater inflow was avoided upon installation of the vertical hierarchical drainage and reticular blind drainage systems. The technology can thus be popularized and applied for water control in landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The proposed technology can be used to alleviate the pressure of leachate treatment and to reduce the risk of instability.     

Air quality analysis and indexing of Kolkata city with respect to vertical floor heights and seasonal variation

Air pollution is one of the most important global environmental issues. Urban air quality is generally becoming vulnerable especially in the developing countries due to various developmental activities. Several national and international studies prove that air pollution is harmful to human health and its long term exposure contributes to even mortality. Current study has been designed to determine the vertical floor wise air quality status of the city of Kolkata and the seasonal variation of the pollutants during two consecutive years. Particulate matter (PM₁₀ and suspended particulate matter), oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide were analyzed for a total number of 135 air quality samples throughout the study area and period. Pollutants were found positively correlated with each other and with the floor heights. According to the air quality indexing, all the places were found affected from moderate to severe air pollution irrespective of the vertical floor heights, seasons and places. Although, no such seasonal trend has been emerged from the study but the number of samples beyond standard is found highest during the winter season followed by pre-monsoon.     

猫儿山自然保护区森林群落垂直格局与主导因素分析

陆地生态系统中海拔高度的变化会导致植物群落的垂直性分布,这是形成植物多样性的一个重要性原因。了解和分析不同区域植物群落的垂直性分布规律和生物多样性形成机制对保护森林生物多样性具有重要意义。本文通过对猫儿山自然保护区不同海拔高度森林植物群落和环境因子的调查,运用双向指示种分析（Two-way Indicator-Species Analysis）和典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis）,对不同海拔高度的群落进行划分,对决定植物群落分布的主导环境因子进行分析,结果表明：（1）猫儿自然保护区森林群落可以分为7个群落类型,其代表树种分别是罗浮栲Castanopsis fabri、栲树Castanopsis fargeisii、银木荷Schima argentea、铁椎栲Castanopsis lamontii、南方铁杉Tsuga chinensis、长苞铁杉Tsuga longibracterata、马尾松Pinus massoniana;（2）在中亚热带,海拔对山地植物群落形成起决定性作用;（3）土壤是仅次于海拔的重要环境因子,其中土类和土层厚度对森林群落的影响较大。在中亚热带森林生态保护和恢复过程中,按照不同海拔高度的植物群落特征选择种植合适树种,按照当地土壤条件选择适当的生态保护和恢复措施能加快生态恢复的进程,提高生态保护的效益。     

垂直流人工湿地MgFe-LDHs覆膜改性基质净化效果研究

选取生物陶粒、无烟煤、沸石3种垂直流人工湿地常用基质,采用金属摩尔比(M2+ : M3+)为2:1的MgCl2溶液和FeCl3溶液在碱性条件下共沉淀即时生成MgFe-LDHs,并将其覆膜于所选3种垂直流人工湿地基质表面;构建模拟基质试验柱,对改性前后的6种基质进行垂直流人工湿地模拟柱净化受污染湖水的小试试验,并进行对比分析.结果表明:该种针对垂直流人工湿地典型基质的MgFe-LDHs覆膜改性方式可行;改性后的3种基质对CODCr、氨氮、总磷的净化效果均有不同程度的提高;其中,无烟煤基质的覆膜改性性能最优,改性后的无烟煤基质对CODCr、氨氮、总磷的平均去除率分别超过了80%、60%和90%.     

南京城区上空大气一氧化碳的观测分析

利用南京大学城市大气环境观测站(32°03′20″N,118°46′32″E)2011年1~12月一氧化碳(CO)连续观测资料,分析南京市CO浓度变化特征;利用后向轨迹模式和聚类分析方法研究影响南京市的主要气团及其化学性质;基于MOPITT资料分析南京市CO的垂直分布.研究表明,南京市CO的年均浓度为(757.5±410.5)×10-9.CO浓度具有明显日变化特征,早上8:00浓度最高,下午16:00浓度最低.CO日变化具有季节差异性,春季最为明显,夏季幅度最小.一周之中CO在周五的浓度最高.CO存在明显季节变化,冬季1月浓度最高,夏季6月浓度最低.HYSPLIT4把影响该观测站的主要气团分为6类,其中来自江苏南部、浙江、上海的气团的污染物浓度最高,对南京市CO浓度贡献最大;源于西伯利亚高原,伴随强冷空气迅速向南移动的气团对南京市CO贡献最小.卫星数据分析结果表明,南京市夏季CO的垂直分布与其他3个季节有较大差异.与地面观测站相比,卫星反演的CO地面浓度要明显偏低.     

中国能源分区情景分析及可持续发展功能定位

论文在综合运用基于IPAT方程的情景分析法,借助ArcGIS空间分析技术的基础上,初步构建了中国能源可持续发展分区技术,基于该技术开展了中国能源分区及可持续发展功能定位研究。得到以下结论:①持续到21世纪中叶,能源消费仍集中分布于中国东部沿海地区,而能源供给则集中分布在"三北"(东北、华北与西北)地区;②中国能源对外依存度最高的区域集中分布于东部沿海京津冀、长三角与珠三角地区,具体包括上海、浙江、北京、江苏、广东与海南,而能源对外依存度最小的省份则主要分布于"三北"地区;③按能源可持续利用情况把中国划分为五大区,即能源强不可持续区(I)、能源不可持续区(II)、能源弱可持续区(III)、能源可持续区(IV)与能源强可持续区(V)。最大幅度地挖掘能源资源潜力,实现能源资源的本地化、多元化及来源的多元化是强输入区(I区)、次强输入区(II区)实现能源可持续发展的必然选择;不断提升可再生能源对非可再生能源的替代力度,优化能源结构是自给自足区(III区)的核心所在;作为周边区域能源安全缓冲区是次强输出区(IV区)的主要职责;作为国家能源安全保障区和能源基地是强输出区(V区)的功能所在。     

Spatial optimization of protected area placement incorporating ecological, social and economical criteria

We describe two approaches for spatial optimization of protected area placement, both based on maximizing an objective function that incorporates ecological, social, and economical criteria. Of these, a seed cell selection procedure works by evaluating potential cells for protection one by one, picking the one that maximizes the objective function, adding seed cells. This continues to full protection of the project area. The other is a Monte Carlo approach, which uses a likelihood sampling procedure based on weighted importance layers of conservation interest to evaluate alternative protected area sizing and placement. This is similar to the objective function of Marxan, a priority-selection decision-support tool based on optimization algorithms using geographic information system data. The two approaches are alternative options in a common spatial optimization module, which uses the time- and spatial-dynamic Ecospace model for the evaluations. The optimizations are implemented as components of the Ecopath with Ecosim approach and software. In a case study, we find that there can be protected area zoning that will accommodate economical and social factors, without causing ecological deterioration. We also find a tradeoff between including cells of special conservation interest, and the economic and social interests. While this does not need to be a general feature, it emphasizes the need to use modeling techniques to evaluate the tradeoff.     

垂直流人工湿地配水均匀性的研究

从能量分配和压力水头分布出发,阐述了垂直流人工湿地穿孔管配水系统能量分布及压力水头分布状况.在此基础上,提出了影响垂直流人工湿地配水均匀性的2个关键影响因子—最不利2点流量关系及穿孔管布水系统内部配水间隔时间,得出了垂直流人工湿地配水系统中最不利2点的孔口出流流量关系式及垂直流人工湿地穿孔管布水系统内部配水间隔时间,为采用穿孔管配水的垂直流人工湿地提供了理论研究资料.     

基于不同赋权方法的北运河上游潜在非点源污染风险时空变化特征分析

非点源污染已成为影响水生态环境和人类健康的重要因素之一,而解析非点源污染风险时空变化特征是非点源污染治理的重要前提.基于1980~2020年土地利用数据,采用潜在非点源污染指数（potential non-point pollution index,PNPI）模型探究基于不同赋权方法的北运河上游潜在非点源污染风险时空变化特征.结果表明：①流域潜在非点源污染风险呈东南部高西北部低的空间特征.研究时序内流域潜在非点源污染极高和高风险区面积呈减少趋势,极高和高风险区主要土地利用类型由旱地、水田和果园逐渐变为城镇用地和农村居民地.②均方差决策法、熵值法、变异系数法和专家打分法均得出土地利用指标权重最大,平均权重分别为0.46、0.53、0.45和0.48,而不同赋权方法确定的径流指标和距离指标权重差异较大,得出的各非点源污染风险等级区的面积占比差异也较大.③指数函数法通过构建土地利用指标、径流指标和距离指标的指数函数描述源因子与运输因子之间的关系,输出结果更符合流域非点源污染风险空间分布特征,极低和极高风险区面积占比分别为54.22%和6.23%.以上结果可为流域非点源污染风险分析及治理提供科学参考.     

北京秋冬季近地层PM2.5质量浓度垂直分布特征

选取秋冬两季各14 d对北京地区近地层ρ(PM_2.5)垂直分布进行监测,获得ρ(PM_2.5)垂直廓线;结合同步测得的气象数据,就气象因素对垂直分布的影响进行了分析;最终拟合了ρ(PM_2.5)垂直廓线方程.研究表明:秋冬两季ρ(PM_2.5)的垂直分布随高度增加而呈对数递减的规律;风速随高度的变化遵循对数规律;发生逆温时,大气层结稳定,垂直方向上的湍流受到抑制,风速与PM_2.5逐时质量浓度在垂直方向的分布呈较好的线性关系,ρ(PM_2.5)随高度改变呈显著的对数相关关系;而在非逆温的情况下,PM_2.5逐时质量浓度垂直分布与风速线性相关的概率较小,质量浓度的垂直分布与高度的对数关系不显著.