山地小微湿地生态修复探讨 ——以梁平区猎神村梯塘小微湿地为例

小微湿地是乡村景观的组成部分,是乡村重要的水土基础设施.湿地的功能已经得到广泛认同,但过去多关注大面积成片分布的沼泽、湖泊、滨海湿地及大型河流湿地等,而对于那些数量众多、分散分布的小型和微型湿地却缺少关注.2018年10月,《湿地公约》第十三届缔约方大会通过了中国政府提交的《小微湿地保护与管理决议草案》,小微湿地的保护...     

The need for constructing endangered fish habitats that conform to climate-driven flow changes in a western U.S. river

Warmwater fish habitat in the San Juan River of the southwestern United States has been reduced by over 30% as a result of water depletion, reservoir inundation, and cold-water dam releases combined with drought-related changes in hydrology. This reduction and a suite of other factors have contributed to declines in native fish populations including the federally endangered Colorado Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) and Razorback Sucker (Xyrauchen texanus). Conservation efforts for these species include determining flow needs; protecting, managing, and augmenting habitats; and stocking hatchery fish. But the young of stocked fish have low survival due largely to a paucity of nursery habitat not being reformed and maintained under current conditions. Flow recommendations for Navajo Dam releases designed to mimic the river's natural hydrograph have not been met due to water shortages, and the desired outcomes of increased channel complexity and enhanced fish habitat have not been observed. Forecasted hydrology that includes ongoing drought shows that achieving the flow targets through further dam reoperations is unlikely. Mechanical construction of early life-stage habitats is a highly recommended complement to flow management for offsetting the effects of flow reduction and habitat loss. Habitats with features that are effective and resilient under a range of flows are important in counterbalancing the effects of climate change.     

Hydrologic and Water Quality Functions of a Disturbed Wetland in an Agricultural Setting1

Abstract: In 2006, we collected flow, sediment, and phosphorus (P) data at stream locations upstream and downstream of a small degraded wetland in south‐central Wisconsin traversed by a stream draining a predominantly agricultural watershed. The amount of sediment that left the wetland in the two largest storms, which accounted for 96% of the exported sediment during the observation period, was twice the amount that entered the wetland, even though only 50% of the wetland had been inundated. This apparently anomalous result is due to erosion of sediment that had accumulated in the low‐gradient channel and to the role of drainage ditches, which trapped sediment during the wetland‐filling phase. In the case of total P, the inflow to the wetland approximately equaled the outflow, although the wetland sequestered 30% of the incoming dissolved reactive P. The discrepancy is almost certainly due to net export of sediment. Many wetlands in the glaciated midwestern United States are ditched and traversed by low‐gradient channels draining predominantly agricultural areas, so the processes observed in this wetland are likely to be common in that region. Knowledge of this behavior presents opportunities to improve water quality in this and similar regions.     

Produced natures through the lens of biodiversity conservation and tourism: the Ponta Negra Caiçara in the Atlantic Forest Coast of Brazil

Understanding nature as an outcome of organising discourses generated through relative experiences of our surroundings has been the groundwork of a political ecology that deals with the distribution of environmental justice among people with different degrees of power. In this paper, we examine how the environmental legislation and the tourism industry have constructed the term Caiçara as a way to categorise the inhabitants of the Atlantic Forest Coast of Brazil, in ways that meet their goals, but in turn occludes the discourse of the Caiçara themselves. Ethnographic research conducted in Ponta Negra, a small coastal community located at the heart of the Juatinga Ecological Reserve (Paraty, Rio de Janeiro State), as well as a review of key legislation, management plans and tourism materials form the empirical basis of this research. First, we offer a critical examination of the historical origin of the term Caiçara. We then compare contradictory ideas of Caiçara produced by Brazilian environmental legislation and the tourism industry. While the environmental legislation has characterised the Caiçara as fallen angels who are no longer conservation allies, the tourism industry has profited by selling them as ecologically noble savages who still live in harmony with the environment. Our analysis shows how Ponta Negra people have become objects of powerful discourses of nature that hinder the recognition of their collective rights and weaken their position to negotiate for their own desires and aspirations related to their identity and livelihoods.     

沿黄河下游湖泊湿地植物群落演替及其多样性研究

沿黄河下游湖泊湿地是黄河健康生命系统的重要组成部分,其植物群落演替及其多样性研究对湿地及其生物多样性保护有重要意义。通过野外样地调查,分析了沿黄河下游湖泊湿地植物物种组成及其群落的演替模式,并计算了群落植物多样性特征指数,包括物种丰富度指数（S）、多样性Simpson指数（D）、Shannon-wiener指数（H′）、均匀度指数Pielou（E）。结果表明,研究区湖泊湿地共有77种植物,属于28科61属,除榆树Ulmus pumila Linn.为木本植物外,其余76种为草本植物,其中有1种轮藻门植物,1种蕨类植物;从空间来看植物群落演替过程为沉水植物菹草群落→纯水烛群落→水烛群落→水烛＋扁秆藨草群落→藨草群落→芦苇群落,青龙湖湿地水环境的变化,使湿地植物群落的类型也随之发生变化;群落多样性指数Shannon-wiener指数均低于1.12,Simpson指数为0.41~1,Pielou均匀度指数为0.8左右;芦苇群落的物种数最多,有32个物种,水烛群落以12种次之,菹草群落、水烛＋扁秆藨草群落和扁秆藨草群落中的物种数差别不大。沿黄河下游湿地植物群落多样性水平较低,湿地系统有向陆地系统过渡的趋势。     

两级人工湿地用于村镇污水脱氮的长期运行特性研究

对沙田人工湿地稳定运行后的情况进行了长达6 a的监测,探讨了不同流态的两级潜流人工湿地长期运行的脱氮效能、不同形态氮的空间转化规律和几种主要影响因素。研究表明,在整个运行期间人工湿地的脱氮能力呈现低-高-低的变化趋势,这个过程的发生和湿地内部堵塞物的累积关联密切。在华南地区,季节变化对湿地脱氮的影响依然十分强烈：一方面,体现为季节温差对脱氮效果的明显影响,低温月份采用低负荷方式运行,TN去除率也仅有36.0%～47.6%,而高温期采用高负荷的运行方式,大多数月份TN去除率也能达到45.4%以上;另一方面,季节性雨量的不同会引起进水质量浓度的变化,导致湿地系统TN负荷率的改变,进而显著影响脱氮效果。有机氮、NH3-N、NO2--N、NO3--N在湿地内部存在明显的转化迹象,沿流程随着有机物的大量消耗,NO3--N去除能力逐渐下降并在湿地的末端出现了累积现象。通常情况下,由于采用了跌水曝气等措施,DO在湿地内的大部分区域都维持了较高水平,未对脱氮效果产生明显不利影响。     

复合人工湿地去除有机污染物的研究

人工湿地中不同的污染物的去除机理不同,其去污的影响因素也不同.在国内,人工湿地对氮磷去除的研究较多,对新型有机污染物的研究很少,在很多机理上还属空白.总结了近年来国内外湿地对有机污染物去除的研究进展情况以及不同湿地类型对去除率的影响.系统的分析了有关湿地植物,基质,微生物对于有机污染物的去除作用机理,提出了存在问题并对今后湿地去除有机污染物的研究进行了展望.     

改性土壤处理生活污水的初步研究

以生活污水为研究对象,按一定比例混合土壤、粗砂、煤渣、脱水污泥、石灰石、凹 土作为基质来构建复氧改性土壤净化系统对其进行处理,初步考察了不同的污泥含量对处理效果的影响.结果显示,当系统含30%土壤、30%砂石、15%污泥、 15%的煤渣、 5%腐木和5%石灰石(质量比)时处理效果较好, COD、 NH+4-N、 TP、...     

崇明东滩湿地植被类型和沉积特征对土壤碳、氮分布的影响

滨海湿地碳、氮储量的分布可能受盐沼植被和外源沉积物的综合影响.本文以长江口典型滨海湿地为研究对象,分别在崇明东滩湿地北部、中部和南部设置3条样线,根据外源沉积物的区域特征研究了3种主要盐沼植被(芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter))和土壤中的有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)的季节变化及空间特征.结果显示,崇明东滩湿地北、中部为淤积型滩涂,南部呈侵蚀态势.盐沼植被中芦苇和互花米草生物量TOC、TN累积量均显著高于海三棱藨草带.北、中样线的相同植被类型中的土壤TOC、TN显著高于南样线.高潮滩的芦苇带土壤TOC储量高于中潮滩的互花米草带,而互花米草带土壤TN储量略高于芦苇带,海三棱藨草带和光滩土壤TOC、TN储量最低.盐沼植被类型显著影响土壤各层次TOC和TN储量的分布,其中,0~10 cm层次储量受植被类型和表层外源沉积物空间特征的交互作用影响.     

潜流人工湿地演变对废水中有机物、氮及磷去除的影响

众多研究表明,潜流人工湿地对污水的处理效果明显高于自由表面流型湿地,但实验研究表明潜流人工湿地因堵塞而逐渐演变为自由表面流人工湿地后,其对有机物(COD、TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除效果优于具有相同填料及植物的潜流人工湿地.通过实验室培养实验,以考察人工湿地演变对有机物的矿化、硝化/反硝化作用、氮及磷去除的影响.结果表明,与潜流人工湿地相比,演变后的自由表面流人工湿地对有机物的矿化率(以TOC表示)为1.82 mg·h-1,高于潜流湿地的1.49 mg·h-1;对NO3-去除率为96.8%,高于潜流湿地的58.1%;非生物脱硝去除率为40%,高于潜流湿地的28.2%;演变后对磷的吸附量(以P计)为160 mg·kg-1,高于潜流湿地的140 mg·kg-1,对磷的去除主要为填料吸附,有机物的覆盖有利于磷去除;但演变后的自由表面流人工湿地的硝化作用能力低于潜流湿地.因此,人工湿地演变对其效能有重要影响.