Distribution of sulfamethazine, chlortetracycline and tylosin in manure and soil of Canadian feedlots after subtherapeutic use in cattle

Feedlots are potential point sources for the flow of antibiotics into the environment due to common use of antibiotics such as sulfamethazine, chlortetracycline and tylosin. Hence soils and manures originating from a grassland control, an experimental and a commercial feedlot were analyzed and mass balances were calculated for these antibiotics. Up to 9990 μg kg⁻¹ sulfamethazine and 401 μg kg⁻¹ chlortetracycline on a dry matter basis were determined in feedlot manure. Soil concentrations were two orders of magnitude smaller. This corresponds to 7-40% of the calculated residual amount. In the commercial feedlot chlortetracycline was found down to soil depths of −40 cm; sulfamethazine was still detectable 1 year after medication. Sulfamethazine and chlortetracycline were additionally determined in manure of a control treatment in the experimental feedlot where cattle never received antibiotics. This was attributed to runoff from upslope pens. Consequently, antibiotics partially persist within feedlots and may be dislocated into the surrounding environment by vertical transport and runoff.     

好氧颗粒污泥处理畜禽养殖沼液污染物的特性

采用序批式反应器,研究了好氧颗粒污泥处理畜禽养殖沼液中传统和新兴污染物的去除特性,以及系统的微生物群落结构演变情况.结果表明,畜禽沼液所含高浓度污染物不会对好氧颗粒污泥结构产生显著毒性胁迫,好氧颗粒污泥系统可实现对沼液所含有机物和氨氮的稳定去除.系统出水平均化学需氧量和氨氮浓度分别为(267±81) mg·L~(-1)和(62±12) mg·L~(-1),去除效率分别为73%±8%和91%±2%.同时,也可实现对沼液所含四环素类和磺胺类抗生素的有效去除,去除效率分别为65%±16%和98%±2%.但对磷素的去除效率较低,约为16%±2%.好氧颗粒污泥系统处理沼液过程中微生物群落结构稳定,但其中功能微生物菌群丰度会受到水质的作用影响,从毛单胞菌科Comamonadaceae(相对丰度约为16. 66%)为污泥中的主导微生物群落.     

某市典型地段地表水及地下水中氟喹诺酮类抗生素分布特征

为初步了解某市水体中5种典型氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)的污染特征,对该市主要排污河与典型地段采集地表水与地下水,分别对水样进行常规指标测试与FQs浓度测试分析.结果表明,地表水与地下水中FQs的含量水平和组成特征差异明显.地表水中FQs总含量水平整体高于地下水;地表水中FQs浓度平均值为789.1 ng·L-1,主要以氧氟沙星(OFL)与洛美沙星(LOM)为主;地下水中FQs浓度平均值为342.7 ng·L-1,主要以诺氟沙星(NOR)与洛美沙星(LOM)为主,恩诺沙星(ENR)在地表水与地下水的含量水平均偏低.地表水体中FQs含量水平表现为沟渠支流干流.该市排污河水系傍河剖面地下水中FQs含量水平高于其他地段.傍河剖面处地下水中FQs监测浓度随着采样点与河道距离的增加呈现递减趋势,且各组分变化趋势基本一致,初步证实河水可能是河道周边地下水中FQs的主要来源.     

三种抗生素对几种海洋微藻叶绿素a含量影响的初步研究

实验室条件下,研究了氯霉素(chloramphenicol ,Cm)、遗传霉素 (geneticin G418)、青霉素 (penicillin)对三种常见海洋饵料微藻:小球藻 (Chlorella vulgaris Beij. ) ,金藻8701(Isochrysis galbana Parke 8701.) 和小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium Ehr.)叶绿素a含量的影响.结果表明: (1) 低于100 mg/L的氯霉素对小球藻和金藻8701叶绿素a含量影响较小(P>0.05);氯霉素浓度大于50 mg/L时,小新月菱形藻叶绿素a含量显著降低(P<0.05) .(2) 不同浓度的G418均明显抑制三种微藻叶绿素a含量的增加.(3) 低于100 mg/L的青霉素能够促进三种藻叶绿素a的增加,相对增长率随青霉素浓度的升高而逐渐下降;三种藻对青霉素的敏感性存在差异.试验结果可为微藻无菌培养体系的建立提供参考.     

石家庄市水环境中喹诺酮类抗生素的空间分布特征与环境风险评估

随着社会经济的发展,大量含有抗生素的废水未经有效处理排放到水环境中,加剧了城市水环境中抗生素的污染.本研究以石家庄市地表水和地下水为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS)分析了石家庄水环境中喹诺酮类(Quinolones,QNs)抗生素的空间分布特征,并采用风险熵值法(RQ)评估了石家庄市水环境中QNs的生态风险和健康风险.结果表明:1在石家庄市河流和水库中,QNs抗生素的浓度分别为98.43~4398.00 ng·L^-1和9.99~49.24 ng·L^-1,恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin,ENR)和依诺沙星(Enoxacin,ENO)分别是河流和水库中主要的QNs抗生素;2在石家庄市地下水中,QNs抗生素的浓度为3.45~15.41 ng·L^-1;3相关分析结果表明,在地表水中氧氟沙星(Ofloxacin,OFL)、诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin,NOR)、恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin,ENR)、双氟沙星(Difloxacin,DIF)、沙氟沙星(Sarafloxacin,SAR)、恶喹酸(Oxolinic Acid,OXO)和氟甲喹(Flumequine,FLU)与温度(T)和总溶解性固体颗粒物(TDS)呈显著相关(p<0.01),而ENO与pH显著相关(p<0.01);在地下水中吡哌酸(Pipemidic Acid,PIP)和马波沙星(Marbofloxacin,MAR)与T显著相关;4地表水中QNs与地下水中QNs的相关性不显著,表明石家庄市地下水中QNs的主要来源不是地表水;5生态风险结果表明,石家庄市地表水中QNs总体处于高风险水平,而地下水QNs整体处于中低风险水平;6人体健康风险结果表明,石家庄市水环境中QNs抗生素的健康风险较低.总体来说,石家庄市水环境中QNs污染在地表水中更为严峻,而石家庄地表水中QNs浓度最高的区域为汪洋沟.     

镁改性污泥基生物炭去除水中磷和抗生素

为解决废水磷回收和污泥资源化利用问题,以污水处理厂污泥为前驱体,采用镁盐溶液浸渍和高温热解方法,制备系列镁改性污泥基生物炭(MgxBC),研究了MgxBC对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能,以及在过一硫酸氢钾复合盐(PMS)氧化剂存在下对共存抗生素的催化降解性能.结果显示:氮气氛、1mol/L镁盐加入量制备的Mg1BC相比于未改性污泥基生物炭(BC),对磷的Langmuir饱和吸附容量可达63.2mg/g(为BC的近3倍);除极酸条件下(pH0<4),Mg1BC的磷去除率均大于99%;水中共存离子对Mg1BC吸附磷影响较小,Mg1BC具有较强的适用性.此外,Mg1BC可催化活化PMS,显著提高与磷共存抗生素(如四环素(TC)、磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMT))的降解性能,实现吸附磷和高效去除抗生素的双重目的.     

17 β-estradiol and 17 α-ethinylestradiol mineralization in sewage sludge and biosolids

Natural steroid estrogens (e.g., 17 β-estradiol, E2), synthetic steroid estrogens (e.g., 17 α-ethinylestradiol, EE2) and pharmaceutical antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are chemicals detected in biosolids and sewage sludges because they partition into the solids fraction during the wastewater treatment process. This research utilized a three-way factorial design (six media × two estrogens × three antibiotic treatments) to quantify cumulative E2 and EE2 mineralization over 133 d (MAX) in a range of sewage sludge and biosolid samples in the presence (4 and 40 mg kg^?1) and absence of ciprofloxacin. The same three-way factorial design was utilized to quantify the impact of the six media, E2 or EE2, and ciprofloxacin on cumulative soil respiration over 133 d (RESP). Minimal ciprofloxacin mineralization was observed (<0.05% over 133 d), but despite its persistence, ciprofloxacin had no significant effect on MAX of E2 or EE2, and, in general, no significant effect on RESP. MAX ranged from 38.38% to 48.44% for E2 but from only 0.72% to 24.27% for EE2 although RESP was relatively similar, ranging from 101.00 to 866.54 mg CO₂ in the presence of E2 and from 69.55 to 893.95 mg CO₂ in the presence of EE2. The sorption-limited bioavailability of EE2, which is inherently resistant to biodegradation due to chemical structure, as MAX and Freundlich sorption coefficients (K_f) were negatively correlated. As such, the K_f values of EE2 were largest in composted biosolids in which EE2 was particularly resistant to microbial degradation as the MAX of EE2 was <3%. In contrast, the MAX of E2 showed a positive association with the K_f values of E2 because some steps in the E2 transformation process have been found to occur in the sorbed phase. The MAX of E2 was significantly greater in the biosolid and composted biosolid media than in any other media, whereas the MAX of E2 decreased in the following order: secondary sewage sludge > primary sewage sludge > biosolid = composted biosolid. This suggests that sewage sludges in municipal lagoons and pre-treatment holding lagoons are a more favorable media for mineralization of EE2, whereas biosolids in post-treatment storage lagoons are a more favorable media for the mineralization of E2. The presence of ciprofloxacin will have no impact on the potential E2 or EE2 mineralization rates in these cases.     

Pollution characteristics and environmental risk assessment of typical veterinary antibiotics in livestock farms in Southeastern China

Scientific interest in pollution from antibiotics in animal husbandry has increased during recent years. However, there have been few studies on the vertical exposure characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in different exposure matrices from different livestock farms. This study explores the distribution and migration of antibiotics from feed to manure, from manure to soil, and from soil to vegetables, by investigating the exposure level of typical antibiotics in feed, manure, soil, vegetables, water, fish, and pork in livestock farms. A screening environmental risk assessment was conducted to identify the hazardous potential of veterinary antibiotics from livestock farms in southeast China. The results show that adding antibiotics to drinking water as well as the excessive use of antibiotic feed additives may become the major source of antibiotics pollution in livestock farms. Physical and chemical properties significantly affect the distribution and migration of various antibiotics from manure to soil and from soil to plant. Simple migration models can predict the accumulation of antibiotics in soil and plants. The environmental risk assessment results show that more attention should be paid to the terrestrial eco-risk of sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin, and to the aquatic eco-risk of chlorotetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin. This is the first systematic analysis of the vertical pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in livestock farms in southeast China. It also identifies the ecological and human health risk of veterinary antibiotics.     

抗生素类污染物对活性污泥生物毒性测定方法的筛选与评价

尽管衡量化学物质生物毒性的标准方法很多,但关于环境中抗生素类污染物的生物毒性及其对污泥活性影响的科学数据较少。以磺胺和四环素两类作用机理和作用谱带不同的抗生素为研究对象,分别用发光细菌法、脱氢酶活性法、生长抑制法及呼吸速率法进行了抗生素类污染物生物毒性测定方法的筛选与评价。结果表明,发光细菌标准方法中30min的作用时间太短,延长作用时间不仅导致各种抗生素的EC50值大幅度降低,同时毒性排列顺序也发生了改变;以活性污泥为对象的脱氢酶活性和呼吸速率抑制实验的EC50值与抗生素类物质对敏感致病菌的MICs相比异常高,不适宜于作为单独方法准确评估抗生素类污染物的生物毒性。生长抑制实验中,活性污泥混合菌种增殖生长对磺胺类抗生素敏感,而假单胞杆菌对四环素类抗生素敏感。不同方法测定抗生素毒性的灵敏度顺序是发光细菌(24 h)>生长抑制(7 h)>呼吸速率(24 h)>脱氢酶活性(24 h)。用标准方法评价抗生素类污染物的生物毒性,可能导致对抗生素排放到水环境中所带来的风险估计不足。     

Tetracycline resistance in semi-arid agricultural soils under long-term swine effluent application

Annually, millions pounds of antibiotics are released unmetabolized into environment along with animal wastes. Accumulation of antibiotics in soils could potentially induce the persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Antibiotics such as tetracyclines and tetracycline-resistant bacteria have been previously detected in fields fertilized with animal manure. However, little is known about the accumulation of tetracyclines and the development of tetracycline resistance in semi-arid soils. Here we demonstrate that continuous land application with swine effluent, containing trace amounts of chlortetracycline, does not necessarily induce tetracycline resistance in soil bacteria. Based on the testing of more than 3,000 bacteria isolated from the amended soils, we found no significant increase in the occurrence and level of chlortetracycline resistant bacteria in soils after 15 years of continuous swine effluent fertilization. To account for a possible transfer of tetracycline-resistant bacteria originated from the swine effluent to soils, we analyzed two commonly found tetracycline resistant genes, tet(O) and tet(M), in the swine effluent and fertilized soils. Both genes were present in the swine effluent, however, they were not detectable in soils applied with swine effluent. Our data demonstrate that agronomic application of manure from antibiotic treated swine effluent does not necessarily result in the development of antibiotic bacterial resistance in soils. Apparently, concentrations of chlortetracycline present in manure are not significant enough to induce the development of antibiotic bacterial resistance.